Trends in Atmospheric HFC-23 (CHF3) and HFC-134a Abundances
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The Montreal Protocol banned the production of major ozone depleting substances such as chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) to protect the Earth’s ozone layer. The emission of hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) has increased to replace the CFCs. As a result, the atmospheric abundance of HFCs are rapidly increasing. Although these HFCs do not contribute to the depletion of the ozone layer because they contain no chlorine, they are powerful greenhouse gases with large global warming potentials. In January 2019, the Kigali Amendment to the Montreal Protocol came into force to phase out long-lived HFCs. The two most abundant HFCs in the atmosphere, HFC-134a (CF3CH2F) and HFC-23 (CHF3) are measured from orbit by the Atmospheric Chemistry Experiment Fourier Transform Spectrometer (ACE-FTS). These measurements are useful for monitoring the Kigali Amendment to the Montreal Protocol. The ACE measurements provide the first global distributions and confirm the rapid increase in HFC-134a (4.6±0.2 ppt per year) and CHF3 (0.78±0.05 ppt per year) abundances.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".