Variability and barriers to learning: The perspectives and practices of math teachers in general education
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Despite having disability rights and the benefit of legislation, students with disabilities in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA) receive insufficient special education and inclusive support.A Guide for Ensuring Inclusion and Equity in Education (UNESCO, 2017) regards learner variability and identification of the barriers to learning as foundational concepts to making progress in inclusive practices that align with the Universal Design for Learning (UDL) approach initiated by Rose and Meyer (2002).This qualitative study explores the perspectives of general education teachers (Ged) from leading expatriate schools in the Kingdom on these core concepts and how they address these issues in their daily practice.This multiple case study examines teachers' engagement in inclusive teaching practices by exploring the underlying mechanisms being employed in the classroom (i.e., the anticipation of variability and barriers and intentional alignment of teaching components/curricula with core components of inclusive education).Face-to-face teachers' interviews (one to three hours long), direct classroom observations (five to seven days during math instructions), participant observations, physical artifacts (educational materials) and documents (i.e., lesson plans, assessment sheets, students reflections on their learning, teaching strategies, and rubrics) were used as methods of data collection.Data were gathered from four elementary-middle school math teachers (one male, three female) from two different school districts: Saudi Aramco Expatriate School (SAES) and International School Groups-Dammam (ISG).Ged teachers in SAES showed in-depth theoretical knowledge and positive, adaptive, and malleable beliefs about variability and barriers, they used flexible instructional approaches, and were more likely to establish a non-traditional model of teaching.In contrast, those in ISG showed a more surface-level understanding of these concepts.The study suggests that teachers in Ged settings do not observe anticipation and intentional alignment iii VARIABILITY AND BARRIERS across teaching components.Their curricular planning reflects a tendency to focus on the average students rather than on learner variability and potential barriers.This is the first study to develop evaluation criteria for anticipation and intentional alignment for UDL research.It also provides a universally designed blueprint for educators to practice anticipation and intentional alignment across lesson planning, learning environment, teaching methods, materials, and assessment using the core components of inclusive practices and UDL principles.Finally, the study suggests that participants in private international schools of KSA have a strong basis for initiating inclusive education models as several elements in their current teaching practices are in line with core inclusive practices in research.Recommendations are suggested to private international schools and education policymakers to facilitate inclusive education in the Kingdom.iv VARIABILITY AND BARRIERS Résumé Bien que les étudiants en situation d'handicap vivant en Arabie Saoudite bénéficient des droits humains, ils ne reçoivent pas suffisamment d'éducation spécialisé ou de soutien.L'ouvrage « A Guide for Ensuring Inclusion and Equity in Education » (UNESCO, 2017) porte sur la capacité d'apprentissage et l'identification des obstacles à l'apprentissage comme le fondement de la démarche vers les pratiques d'inclusion en adéquation avec la conception universelle de l'apprentissage (UDL en Anglais) initiée par Rose et Meyer (2002).Cette étude qualitative décrypte la conceptualisation de cette approche et la gestion quotidienne de ces problématiques par les professeurs de l'enseignement général des écoles d'expatriées en Arabie Saoudite.L'étude examine l'engagement des professeurs en face à l'enseignement inclusif en explorant les mécanismes sous-jacents utilisés dans les classes (c.à.d.l'anticipation de la capacité d'apprentissage, les obstacles, ainsi que l'alignement intentionnel des volets de l'enseignement avec celles des composants fondamentaux de l'enseignement inclusif).Des rencontres en personne avec les enseignants, des entrevues (d'une durée de 1 à 3 heures), observations directes en classe (5-7 jours pendant l'enseignement des mathématiques), artefacts physiques (matériel pédagogique) et documents (c.-à-d.plans de leçon, feuilles d'évaluation, réflexions des élèves sur leur apprentissage, l'enseignement des stratégies et rubriques) ont été utilisés comme technique d'acquisition de données.Les données ont été recueillies auprès de quatre professeurs de mathématiques (1 homme, 3 femmes) de deux écoles primaires et intermédiaires : « Saudi Aramco Expatriate School (SAES) » et « International School Groups-Dammam (ISG) ».Les professeurs d'éducation générale (SAES) ont fait preuve de connaissance théorique approfondie ainsi que des convictions positives, adaptatives et flexibles sur la capacité d'apprentissage et les nombreux obstacles.Ils ont utilisé une approche d'enseignement flexible et ouvert à l'établissement d'un v VARIABILITY AND BARRIERS modèle d'enseignement non traditionnel.En revanche à l'ISG, ils ont fait preuve d'une compréhension superficielle de ces concepts.L'étude démontre que les professeurs de l'enseignement général ne font pas d'anticipation et d'alignement dans leurs composants pédagogiques.La planification de leur programme reflète une tendance à se focaliser sur les élèves moyens plutôt que sur leur capacité d'apprentissage et les barrières potentielles.Ceci est la première étude à développer des critères d'évaluation pour l'anticipation et l'alignement intentionnel pour la recherche UDL.Cette étude fournit également un plan conçu universellement pour assister les enseignants dans la pratique d'anticipation et de l'alignement intentionnel pour la planification des enseignements, de l'environnement de travail, des méthodes d'enseignements, du matériel didactique ainsi que de l'évaluation se basant sur les indicateurs des pratiques d'inclusion et des principes de conception universelle de l'apprentissage (UDL en anglais).Finalement, l'étude a conclut que les participants des écoles privées internationales de l'Arabie Saoudite ont de bases solides pour initier le modèle d'éducation inclusive étant donné que plusieurs éléments de leur pratique actuelle d'enseignement sont en adéquation avec les pratiques fondamentales d'inclusion.vi VARIABILITY AND BARRIERS Dedication Bismillah ir-Rahman ir-Rahim الرحيم( الرحمن هللا )بسم In the Name of Allah, the Most Beneficent the Most Merciful I humbly dedicate my doctoral dissertation to the teacher of mankind, the Holy Prophet Mohammad (Peace Be Upon Him) and his Holy Households.I also dedicate this thesis to the candles of my life who taught me how to learn lessons from life, my late mother Shama Firdaus, and grandmother Nisar Zahra.Finally, I lovingly dedicate this thesis to the greatest pillar of my life, my husband Syed Haider, for his incredible support and unconditional love.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.006 | 0.013 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.008 | 0.010 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.008 | 0.004 |
| Open science | 0.002 | 0.008 |
| Research integrity | 0.002 | 0.003 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".