Does Menstrual Cycle Phase Impact the Brachial Artery Flow Mediated Dilation Response to Acute Hyperglycemia?
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Acute hyperglycemia transiently impairs endothelial function in healthy males when assessed via flow-mediated dilation (FMD). However, research in female participants is lacking and the impact of menstrual phase (early follicular (EF) and late follicular (LF)) on vulnerability to acute hyperglycemia-induced endothelial dysfunction is unknown. It is hypothesized that hyperglycemia-induced endothelial dysfunction will be attenuated in the LF phase. Seventeen healthy, naturally menstruating women (21 ± 1 years [mean ± SD]) participated in three experimental visits. During two visits (one EF phase, one LF phase), endothelial function was assessed via brachial artery FMD before and 60-, 90-, and 120-min after an oral glucose challenge (75g glucose/300mL solution). Blood samples were taken to assess blood glucose, insulin, estradiol, progesterone and viscosity. During a third visit in the EF phase, participants ingested 300mL of water as a time-control for FMD. Blood samples were only taken for blood glucose and viscosity during this visit. Additionally, ovulation testing was used to confirm the LF phase. Data are [mean ± SD]. Glucose and insulin levels increased 30min post-glucose ingestion, with no difference between visits (p < 0.001). FMD was reduced 90min post-glucose ingestion (Post90) during the EF glucose visit (Pre: 8.7 ± 2.9%, Post90: 6.2 ± 2.8%, p = 0.001; Cohen’s d = 0.864). FMD-impairment during LFGlucose was not significant (Pre: 8.4 ± 2.4%, Post120: 6.8 ± 2.7, p = 0.089; d = 0.649). A direct comparison of EF and LFGlucose delta-FMD did not reach significance (p=0.117) revealing a small effect of phase (d = 0.431) on vulnerability to hyperglycemia-induced FMD impairment. These results suggest that the cyclic elevation in estrogen that occurs during the menstrual cycle confers a small degree of protection from acute hyperglycemia-induced impairment in endothelial function. In order to fully characterize the impact of acute stimuli on vascular function in premenopausal women, it is essential to examine responses across multiple phases of the menstrual cycle.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".