Electricity costs of energy intensive industries: An international comparison. For the German Ministry of Economic Affairs and Energy
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The study "Electricity Costs of Energy Intensive Industries" examines, in detail, the composition of electricity prices in Germany and ten other countries: the Netherlands, the United Kingdom, France, Italy, Denmark, Canada, the United States, China, Korea and Japan. It identifies the effects of the special regulations on the competitiveness of industrial companies in Germany on four levels of analysis. Energy prices are a key factor for the competitiveness of many German companies. To finance the energy transition, the costs of promoting renewable energy technologies in Germany are passed on to the consumer, predominantly via energy prices (i.e. electricity prices). A large number of levies as well as the electricity tax currently increase the price of electricity and thereby electricity costs of industries. In order to limit the burden, especially for energy-intensive industries, the German government has created different rules for exemptions and tariff reductions (privileges). For the same economic considerations of competitiveness, competing national economies have introduced special regulations for industrial electricity consumers. In four scenarios this study shows how changes in privileges affect the German economy in total. The results show the importance of the special equalisation scheme in the German renewable energy law. If this scheme would be abolished, the production in single companies might be shut down. In this case employment and export reductions would be expected as well as decreasing economic performance.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.004 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.003 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.004 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.003 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; both teacher heads agree on what is shown here.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".