Human exposure to polychlorinated naphthalenes in food: estimated dietary intake in Korean population
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Polychlorinated naphthalenes (PCNs) are persistent organic pollutants (POPs) unintentionally emitted from thermal processes or technical mixtures.From 1910 to 1980s, PCNs were widely produced and used as capacitor dielectrics, insulators, oil additives, lubricants, and preservatives.PCNs are known to have toxic effects and bioaccumulate persistently.In particular, dietary intake is considered as the main pathway of exposure to PCNs.There have been a few studies on PCNs in food; however, most of them have focused on fishery products, and only a single study has been done in Korea.In this study, 55 PCN congeners from tri-CNs to octa-CN were analyzed in agricultural products, fishery products, and processed foods.The 30 food items were collected from markets in Seoul, Busan, and Pohang.The samples (n=208) were extracted using Soxhlet extractors, treated with sulfuric acid, cleaned up using multi-silica gel columns, and then analyzed using gas chromatograph/high-resolution mass spectrometer (GC/HRMS).From the results, contamination levels, and correlationship of PCNs in food were investigated and dietary intakes from food were estimated.Additionally, the total combined dietary intakes of PCNs, PCDD/Fs, and DL-PCBs among the Korean population were estimated using previous results.The mean 55 PCN concentrations were 9.12 pg/g ww, 70.71 pg/g ww, and 48.00 pg/g ww in agricultural products, fishery products, and processed foods, respectively.The concentration levels of PCNs in food groups of this study are similar to those in other countries.Tri-CN was a predominant homologue, followed by tetra-CN and penta-CN.Significant correlations exist among the concentrations of PCN congeners, PCDD/F congeners, and dioxin-like PCB congeners in food, reflecting that these lipophilic POPs have similar exposure pathways.The relative composition of hexa-CNs was the highest for TEQPCN in food due to their high relative potencies.The highest sum of dietary intake of 11 TEQPCN was found in agricultural products (0.263 pg-TEQ/day), followed by livestock (0.247 pg-TEQ/day), fishery products (0.149 pg-TEQ/day), and processed foods (0.077 pg-TEQ/day).The sum of intake of 20 TEQPCN was mostly higher for males than females, and the highest intake was observed in youngest females, although they did not exceed the tolerable weekly intake (TWI) of Ministry of Food and Drug Safety (14 pg-TEQ/kg bw/week).The sum of total combined dietary intakes from food were also under the TWI, whereas it exceeded the suggestion of European Food Safety Authority (2 pg-TEQ/kg bw/week).Therefore, it is necessary to investigate more PCN congeners in various kinds of foods and estimate the dietary intakes.On the basis of this study, it would be possible to establish a system for the intake levels of PCNs and manage the dietary habits of the Korean population.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.012 | 0.017 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.003 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".