Is intrauterine growth influenced by the season of birth?
Bibliographic record
Abstract
It has been established that retarded growth in utero [as assessed through birthweight\n(BW)] predicts the onset of many chronic diseases in adulthood and affects longevity.\nThe objective of the present study was to examine the hypothesis that intrauterine\ngrowth is also influenced by the season of birth. To test our conjecture we used BW\nand Gestation Age (GA) data from the Birth and Death Registry of Athens. The\nsample consisted of 516.874 infants (M: 266.579; F: 250.295) bom from 1980 to\n2005 in Greece. Males demonstrated greater BW, compared to females [3264.891gr\nvs. 3137.416gr], Multivariate Analysis of Variance (MANOVA) detected significant\neffects of both gender and birth quarter on GA and BW. Males bom in the first\nquarter of the year (Ql) demonstrated significantly greater BW and GA, compared to\ninfants bom in the other quarters of the year [Ql=3283.09gr, 38.56weeks;\nQ2=3256.91gr, 38.51 weeks; Q3=3258.45gr, 38.48weeks; Q4=3261.1 lgr,\n38.48weeks; (pO.OOl)]. Results in females demonstrated a similar significant\ntendency [Ql=3155.63gr, 38.58weeks; Q2=3127.45gr, 38.52weeks; Q3=3132.17gr,\n38.50weeks; Q4=3134.41gr, 38.50weeks; (pO.OOl)]. A chi-square test was then\nconducted to find in which quarter of the year the lowest number of cases of Low\nBirth Weight (LBW) infants was observed and found that the lowest number of cases\nof LBW babies was observed for babies bom in the first quarter of the year, and the\nhighest in the third quarter [Ql=8981; Q2=9748; Q3=10894; Q4=10420; (pO.OOl)].\nAccording to these findings, babies (males & females) bom in the first quarter of the\nyear are significantly heavier, have longer gestation ages and have significantly less\nrisk of being bom with a LBW than babies bom in the other quarters of the year.\nIt is concluded that the season of birth influences significantly BW and WG, possibly\ndue to environmental - climatical conditions, the quality and quantity of nutrition\nreceived in utero and also the amount of bright sunshine the pregnant mother is\nexposed to.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".