Morphology and phylogeny of the Elaphostrongylinae : (Nematoda: Protostrongylidae)
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The morphology of elaphostrongyline nematodes parasitizing North American \ncervids was studied using light and scanning electron microscopy in order to improve \nprevious descriptions that were based exclusively on light microscopical studies. \nStructures including the spicules, gubernaculum, bursa, cephalic region, sensory \nstructures, and female tails of Parelaphostrongylus tenuis, P. odocoilei, P. andersoni, \nand Elaphostrongylus cervi rangiferi are described. The morphology of E. c. rangiferi \nas described in this study is similar to previous light microscopical descriptions. The \nspicules of all three Parelaphostrongylus spp. were alike but differed from those of E. \nc. rangiferi by having a dorsal branch of the spicule shaft in the distal region that \nextends to the tip. A membrane spans the area between the branch and the shaft. \nThe corpus of the gubernaculum of P. odocoilei is not split distally as has been \ndescribed by previous authors, but instead has a longitudinal groove in the distal \nregion. Ventral protuberances associated with the cloaca are present in \nParelaphostrongylus spp. but absent in E. c. rangiferi. Sensory papillae and pores \nassociated with the cloaca and the bursal rays are described. In dorsal view, the base \nof the dorsal ray has a prominent edge of thickened cuticle in P. odocoilei and P. \nandersoni, whereas in E. c. rangiferi and P. tenuis it is smooth. The female tails of \nParelaphostrongylus spp. have a papilla-like projection at their tips. \nThe phylogeny of the Elaphostrongylinae was reconstructed using cladistic \ntechniques. Morphological characters described in this study provide strong evidence for the monophyly of Parelaphostrongylus. The genus is made up of two clades, one \ncontaining P. odocoilei and P. andersoni, the other being P. tenuis. The biogeography \nof the Cervidae of North America in relation to the phylogeny of the \nElaphostrongylinae is discussed. The genus Parelaphostrongylus probably coevolved \nwith the genus Odocoileus in the Nearctic, while Elaphostrongylus spp. most likely had \na Palearctic origin.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".