Numerical studies of thermal-mechanical responses of embankments under a changing climate in two first nation communities, Saskatchewan, Canada
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Records show that ongoing global warming has changed the thermal condition of the ground in seasonally frozen areas of Canada, causing widespread ground surface settlement and harm to infrastructure, particularly embankments. In the current study, finite element numerical analysis is conducted to evaluate how climate change may influence the thermal-mechanical (TM) regimes in road embankments that are under climate conditions in two Indigenous communities in Saskatchewan, Canada, namely Yellow Quill and James Smith. This evaluation includes the analysis of embankment on the climate data from 1975 till 2100, where the data is divided into different time periods of Historical (1975-2000), Future-1 (2023-2048), Future-2 (2049-2074) and Future-3 (2075-2100. From each period, 5 representing years including extreme cold, extreme hot, expected hot, expected cold, expected mean years are considered to simulate the TM regimes with and without traffic loads. The relation for temperature-dependent thermal expansion coefficients of soils is derived and included in the modeling based on the ice content and a mixture theory. Temperature dependent mechanical properties are also involved to account for freeze-thaw induced stress redistribution and the related potential plastic deformation. According to the coupled thermal-mechanical study, which takes into account the Linear Drucker-Prager yield criterion for the stress analysis at critical location of embankments, cases with an extreme cold climate indicates the worst effect on the embankment foundation. It is reflected by the more significant temperature variations causing larger plastic zones in the toe of the embankment when compared with other climate scenarios. The extreme hot cases tend to generate more displacement on the road surface as the climate is getting warmer. The present study only sheds light on the thermal-mechanical aspect, and it does not include pore water flow behavior due to frost actions. Therefore, the result on the heave or settlement of embankment surface is not significant. Nevertheless, the inclusion of temperature-dependent thermal expansion coefficients considering the ice contents provides a better estimation of thermal-mechanical responses.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".