Polyphenol-rich potato extracts exert sex-dimorphic protective effects on the ozone-induced pulmonary inflammatory response in C57BL/6 mice
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Dietary polyphenols have been shown to improve diet-induced metabolic symptoms and pollution-related airway inflammation, yet very few studies have examined both contexts together. The current study investigated the efficacy of a polyphenolic-rich potato extract (PE) in ozone-exposed male (M) and female (F) C57BL/6 mice fed a high-fat Western-style diet (WD) based adiposity and glucose intolerance, and lung health. Mice were fed ad libitum with WD supplemented with either a 20 PE (chlorogenic acid, 40 mg/kg diet; ferulic acid, 1.2 mg/kg diet) or 100 PE (chlorogenic acid, 200 mg/kg diet; ferulic acid, 6 mg/kg diet). After 4 wk on the diets, animals were exposed to 0.8 ppm ozone or air by inhalation for 4 h and euthanized 24 h post exposure. Independent of ozone exposure, supplementation with 100 PE attenuated weight gain (37% M and 48% F) and significantly reduced (p < 0.01) adiposity and total fat mass relative to the untreated controls in both sexes. Both 20 and 100 PE treatments restored fasting blood glucose levels (p < 0.001) and improved insulin sensitivity (p < 0.05). Based on cellular evaluation from bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF), ozone-induced pulmonary inflammation/injury was suppressed by 100 PE treatment as indicated by a reduction in alveolar macrophage cell counts (464 ± 12.1 F and 457 ± 16.7 M) below than the respective air-exposed group under the same treatment condition (490 ± 5.3 M and 477 ± 7.4 F). Additionally, a decrease in neutrophil cell counts (9 ± 0.7 M and 7 ± 0.9 F) relative to the ozone-exposed untreated group (13 ± 1.7 M and 11 ± 1.9 F) was observed. The 100 PE dose also reduced total protein concentrations in BALF (p < 0.001) in the ozone-exposed groups (106.09 ± 1.10 vs. 95.61 ± 0.83 µg/mL M and 82.45 ± 1.47 vs. 74.56 ± 0.68 µg/mL F). Similarly, epithelial counts in BALF were decreased due to 100 PE in the ozone-exposed groups (129 ± 20.5 vs. 75 ± 14.3 M and 137 ± 28.2 vs. 67 ± 18.2 F). All these markers signify acute lung injury. The lung inflammatory markers (IL-4, IL-6, IL-13, KC, MCP-1, MIP-1β, RANTES, and TNF-α) measured from BALF exhibited some changes as well. Although the BALF cytokines were in general increased with ozone exposure, these levels were lowered consistently in male mice with 20 PE treatment without reaching statistical significance. Pro-inflammatory and antioxidant gene expression profiles of the air- and ozone-exposed groups were compared to evaluate the extent of transcriptional changes based on stratification of the PE dietary treatments. A sex dimorphic response, particularly evident in the changes in mRNA abundance of ET1, GPX1, GSTM1, HMOX1, and SOD2 where males varied in their response to PE treatment and ozone exposure, while females displayed consistent response to PE treatment regardless of ozone exposure. For MT2, there appeared to be two opposing effects between the sexes, with 100 PE group in males showing significant suppression (p = 0.05) relative to air-exposed group yet the opposite effect occurred among the females in both treatments (p = 0.05 and p < 0.05, respectively). With IL6 both sexes displayed significant elevation (p < 0.05) compared to air control in both PE-treated groups. These findings ascertain that dietary PE supplementation improves adiposity and glucose intolerance associated with consumption of WD, and protects against lung injury. However, there is sex dimorphism in the PE-mediated protection against ozone-induced lung inflammation. The work presented in this thesis is the first to document the inhibitory effects of PE on pulmonary inflammation in relation to their ability to mitigate ozone-induced toxicity in a sex-dependent manner.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".