Role of double-stranded RNA binding proteins, TRBP, ADAR1 and PACT, on PKR activation and HIV-1 production
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The interferon-induced protein kinase RNA-activated (PKR) is activated after virus infection but not during human immunodeficiency virus type-1 (HIV-1) infection of lymphocytes. The TAR RNA binding protein (TRBP) counteracts the inhibitory effects of PKR on HIV-1 expression and replication. In U251MG astrocytes, which are low TRBP producers, PKR is activated upon HIV-1 transfection and viral production is low. Astrocytes overexpressing TRBP express more viral proteins. Expression of adenosine deaminase acting on RNA-1 (ADAR1)-p150 and its binding to PKR are increased during high HIV-1 replication. ADAR1 also reverses PKR inhibition of HIV-1 expression and production in HEK 293T and astrocytes. DNA- and RNA-binding domains of ADAR1 are required for PKR inhibition. Surprisingly, the PKR activator protein (PACT) also reversed PKR inhibition of HIV-1 expression in HEK 293T. These results indicate that three double stranded RNA binding proteins, TRBP, ADAR1 and PACT belong to a multiprotein complex that inhibits PKR function during HIV-1 infection.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".