Spatial variation of snow vapour fluxes and melt in the Coldstream Basin, Okanagan, BC
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The Okanagan Basin is very likely to experience increasing water stress under projected climate change scenarios as a result of lower winter snowpacks, increasing frequency of mid-winter melt events and earlier freshets, reducing the amount of water available during the summer when demand is highest. Relatively little is known about the high elevation snow that is responsible for maintaining river discharges in this region into the summer. Snow energy and mass balance processes were studied along an elevational transect of forested and open sites in the Coldstream basin in the late winter and spring of 2007 to address this knowledge gap. SWE losses to sublimation/evaporation averaged 0.6mm and 0.8mm/day for the high and mid elevation sites respectively, with maximums exceeding 3mm/day. Correlations between gravimetric and bulk aerodynamic estimates of vapour loss and melt were generally high, with the exception of warm, windy conditions, where vapour fluxes were underestimated by the standard bulk aerodynamic methods. Roughness lengths were found to be at least an order of magnitude larger than those typically used in snow energy balance studies. The vapour fluxes were placed into magnitude classes, and related to prevailing synoptic climate conditions, gathered from upper atmosphere data gathered at the Kelowna Airport.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".