Social reproduction and child welfare under structural adjustment in rural Nicaragua
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This thesis analyzes the differential impacts of Structural Adjustment Programs (SAPs)on the social reproduction of rural farming households in the department of Matagalpa, Nicaragua.More specifically, it examines if, and how, SAPs differentially impact the social reproduction of farming households according to gender and class.A semistructured survey and interviews were conducted with members from small-, medium-, and large-scale farming households, as well as female-headed households, to determine whether changes have taken place in major elements of the sphere of social reproduction that especially impact children, specifically education, health care, and social capital.The potential consequences of these changes on both the long-term welfare of rural children and the long-term development goals for rural Nicaragua are addressed.The results of this research support the theoretical contention in the development literature that SAPs have generally negatively impacted the process of social reproduction.The significant finding of this research is that almost all rural classes are struggling to maintain household consumption levels under SAPs.There is an implicit assumption in the development literature that, although the poorer classes have been negatively impacted by SAPs, the neoliberal economic model at least works in favour of the larger producers.This research concurs that poorer families are disproportionately negatively impacted by SAPs.However, the large percentage of medium-and large-scale producers that reported significant negative impacts to both household production and reproduction in Matagalpa raises the question as to whether SAPs have led to enhanced productivity and greater economic returns for any class of rural producer.This thesis concludes that SAPs are contributing to the erosion of Matagalpa's human resource base and to the rise in social instability, which has negative implications for the productive potential and long-term development of rural Nicaragua.T h s thesis recommends that the following three elements inform a sustainable approach to rural development: 1) including and investing in chldren and youth; 2) improving the status of women; and, 3) increasing the productivity and human resources of agricultural producers.The mainstream, neoliberal strategy for development, which informs SAPS, must give way to broader, integrated, and more inclusive strategies of development. IIf you want to be prosperous for a year, grow grain; If you want to be prosperous for ten years, grow tress; If you want to be prosperous for a lifetime, grow people.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.004 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".