Variability of phytochemical profiles in organic production: khorasan wheat case study
Bibliographic record
Abstract
It raises a great deal of recent interest that organic wheat constitutes valuable nutraceutical raw \nmaterial for healthy food production and special dietary uses. In particular, khorasan wheat \n(T. turgidum ssp. turanicum) has attracted great attention because of its specific nutritional and \nfunctional properties (antioxidant, antitumoral and prebiotic activities). Currently, few data about fibre \nand antioxidant composition of organically grown Kamut®\nbrand grains is available in literature and, as \nfar as we know, the changes of their amounts as a function of cropping year and growing location \nhave never been investigated. Moreover, this is the first study in which an organically grown crop is \ninvestigated in a region of such broad expanse, including several different environments, covering an \narea of approximately 180,000 km2\n. The aim of the research was to provide an overview of the health- \n-promoting properties of Kamut®\nbrand grains produced at different locations (Canada and USA) and \nto contribute to the understanding of the environmental dynamics affecting the phytochemical profile. \nA collection consisting of 109 samples of organic Kamut®\nbrand grains harvested in different farms of \nNorth America in 2010, was characterized for agronomic traits, antioxidant compounds (polyphenols, \nflavonoids) and fibre components (soluble and insoluble dietary fibres, resistant starch). As regards \nthe agronomic performance, the results demonstrated a high heterogeneity among samples. Yield, \ntest weight and protein content varied within the intervals 0.30–1.69 t/ha, 49.2–61.1 kg/hl and 12.6– \n–16.6 g/100 g, respectively. As previously reported in literature, the content of health-promoting \ncompounds is strongly influenced by environmental conditions. In fact, the investigated wheat grains \nshowed great variability for the total polyphenol and flavonoid contents (133.6–223.4 and 28.6– \n–63.6 mg/100g, respectively). The insoluble fibre content varied between 12.55 and 20.25 g/100 g, \nwhile the soluble dietary fraction showed less heterogeneity(2.70–4.31 g/100 g). Concerning starch, \nstatistically significant differences were observed between farms for the amounts of both the resistant \nand the total starch (0.22–1.5 and 57.7–66.4 g/100 g, respectively). The results of the research were \ncomputed using Geographic Information System (GIS) to develop quality maps that showed the \nvariability of the phytochemical amounts among the North American farms and allowed the \nidentification of areas in which bioactive compounds had accumulated at a higher level in the wheat \ngrains. According to the present results, the choice of a growing location in which the accumulation of \nhealth-promoting compounds (i.e. polyphenols, fibres) is stimulated by specific climatic conditions may \nbe a key factor for the production of organic wheat foodstuff as a functional food.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".