Volume I (ofII) HOCKEY CAPITAL: COMMERCE, CULTURE, AND THE NATIONAL HOCKEY LEAGUE, 1917-1967
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This is a study of the institutional development of the National Hockey League, the most dominant institution of twentieth-century ice hockey. It focuses on the first fifty years of the league (1917-1967), a period characterized by war and peace, by economic stability and recessions, and by momentous technological and cultural changes. Particular attention is paid to the way in which the league and its clubs successfully negotiated internal relationships among clubs, entrepreneurs, executives, and players; as well as external relationships to other professional leagues, amateur hockey organizations, the media, consumers, and the state.\nThe dissertation argues that sports businesses like the NHL evince special characteristics—cartel form, reserve clause, etc.—that arose both out of an economic concern with reducing transaction costs between clubs, and also in response to consumer demand for a product that provided cultural meaning. As a result, the NHL evolved a hybrid nature—both as a commercial enterprise and as cultural institution—that held an exceptional social and economic position abetted by society and the state. As such, the NHL and other similar sports leagues show how the cultural worth of a business, both for producers and consumers, can far transcend the mere economic value of the product. However, while themselves excellent examples of the interplay of economic and non economic influences, sports leagues are not necessarily unique in this respect, but support an argument that non-economic factors are crucial to the evolution of all business organizational forms.\nThe NHL’s institutional functions are further illuminated against the background of the different American and Canadian economic, political, and cultural contexts. This provides a rare study of transnational production, diffusion, and consumption of a product of the modern North American leisure economy, and speaks to the formation of identity, particularly by Canadian consumers, whose very conception of nationality was increasingly performed through consumption of the NHL product.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.004 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.003 | 0.002 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.004 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.022 | 0.002 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".