Antimicrobial resistance, antimicrobial use and infection control in community small animal veterinary hospitals in southern Ontario
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This thesis is a study of components of the epidemiology of antimicrobial resistance in companion animals. The effect of antimicrobial treatment on the occurrence of antimicrobial resistance in fecal 'Escherichia coli ' isolates, antimicrobial use by companion animal veterinarians and the recovery of environmental bacteria from companion animal veterinary practices were investigated. The effect of antimicrobial treatment on the occurrence of antimicrobial resistance was examined using a cohort design studying in dogs requiring treatment with amoxicillin-clavulanic acid, cephalexin, fluoroquinolones or penicillin. Resistance to amoxicillin-clavulanic acid, cefoxitin, ceftiofur and ceftriaxone in fecal 'E. coli' from dogs was significantly associated with treatment with cephalexin. Also, isolation of fecal 'Clostridium difficile' was significantly associated with treatment with amoxicillin-clavulanic acid. Antimicrobial use by companion animal veterinarians was investigated using journals recording diagnosed new disease events and associated treatments. Antimicrobials were the most frequently prescribed treatment. Non-topical (oral, parenteral) antimicrobials were the most common type of antimicrobial prescribed, and [beta]-lactams were the most frequently prescribed antimicrobial class. In dogs, 67% of new disease events associated with canine infectious tracheobronchitis were treated with antimicrobials. In cats, 70% and 74% of disease events associated with feline upper respiratory tract disease and feline lower urinary tract disease, respectively, were treated with antimicrobials. The recovery of environmental bacteria from community veterinary hospitals was investigated in a cross-sectional study. The proportion of hospitals with positive environmental samples were: ' E. coli'-92%, C. 'difficile'-58%, methicillin-resistant ' Staphylococcus aureus' -9%, CMY-2 producing 'E. coli'-9%, methicillin-resistant 'Staphylococcus pseudintermedius'-7%, ' Salmonella'-2%. Antimicrobial resistance in 'E. coli' was infrequent, but several important potential pathogens were recovered: Canadian epidemic strains MRSA-2 and MRSA-5, and 'C. difficile' ribotype 027. An evaluation of infection control practices demonstrated deficiencies that could be improved: development of formal infection control policies, use of isolation for infectious patients, and disinfectant selection for environmental disinfection. The overall study results suggest that use of common antimicrobials in companion animal practice and associated antimicrobial resistance may pose a risk to animal and human health, and that companion animal veterinary hospitals are a reservoir for environmental and antimicrobial resistant pathogens.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".