Association between the second and fourth digit ratio (2D:4D) and oral squamous cell carcinoma among a sample of Indian population
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Background:The risk of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is 2-to 3-fold higher among males compared to females.Greater risk-taking behaviors i.e., smoking, drinking, chewing among males provides a plausible explanation, however, the reason of this behavioral sex difference remains unclear.The ratio of index and ring digits lengths (2D:4D ratio), a marker of intra-utero testosterone level, may affect a series of behavioral characteristics formed later in life, which in turn may influence OSCC risk differently by sex.Objective: To estimate the extent to which low 2D:4D ratio is associated with an increase in OSCC risk in a population from Southern India.In addition, we investigate whether the relationship between the 2D:4D ratio and OSCC changes when taking into account risk-taking behaviors. Methods:We used data from a hospital-based case-control study conducted in Kozhikode, Kerala, India, between 2008 and 2012.Newly histologically confirmed OSCC cases (348: 153 females, 195 males) frequency matched by age and sex to controls (371:167 females, 204 males) were recruited from two main referral hospitals.In-person interviews using a questionnaire and life grid collected information on an array of life course exposures (e.g., sociodemographic, anthropometric, behavioral factors).We measured fingers length in a standardized manner using a ruler.We used logistic regression to estimate the odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for the association between the 2D:4D ratio and OSCC.Results: A 2D:4D ratio lower than 1 was associated with an increased OSCC risk (OR=1.65,95% CI: 1.05-2.58)compared to a 2D:4D ratio equal to or higher than 1.This relationship was not influenced by risk-taking behaviors. Conclusion:There is a negative association between 2D:4D digit ratio, a marker of intra-utero testosterone level, and OSCC risk which seems not to be influenced by risk-taking behaviors.v Rsum Contexte: Le risque du carcinome cellules squameuses oral (CCSO) est de deux trois fois plus lev chez les hommes que chez les femmes.Des comportements risque plus grands chez les hommes, par exemple fumer, boire de l'alcool et mcher, fournissent une explication plausible, mais la raison derrire cette diffrence comportementale entre les sexes demeure incertaine.Le rapport entre la longueur de l'index et de l'annulaire (indice 2D:4D), un marqueur du niveau de testostrone intra-utrine, pourrait affecter une srie de caractristiques comportementales formes plus tard dans la vie, pouvant ainsi influencer le risque du CCSO diffremment selon le sexe.Objectif: Estimer dans quelle mesure un indice 2D:4D faible est associ un risque lev du CCSO dans une population du sud de l'Inde.De plus, nous tudions si le lien entre l'indice 2D:4D et le CCSO change compte tenu des comportements risque.Mthode: Nous avons utilis les donnes recueillies dans le cadre d'une tude cas-tmoin en milieu hospitalier ralise Kozhikode, Krala, Inde, entre 2008 et 2012.Des nouveaux cas de CCSO confirms par examen histologique (348: 153 femmes, 195 hommes) et apparis selon la frquence pour l'ge et le sexe aux tmoins (371: 167 femmes, 204 hommes) ont t recruts de deux principaux hpitaux de rfrence.Des entrevues en personne utilisant un questionnaire et une grille d'entrevue sur la vie ont recueilli des informations sur un ensemble d'expositions au cours de la vie (par exemple: sociodmographiques, anthropomtriques, facteurs comportementaux).Nous avons mesur la longueur des doigts de manire standardise avec une rgle.Nous avons utilis une rgression logistique pour estimer les rapports de cotes (RC) et les intervalles de confiance 95% (IC) pour l'association entre l'indice 2D:4D et le CCSO.Rsultats: Un indice 2D:4D infrieur 1 tait associ un risque accru de CCSO (RC=1.65,95% IC: 1.05-2.58),contre un indice 2D:4D gal ou suprieur 1. Ce lien n'tait pas influenc par les comportements risque.Conclusion: Une association ngative existe entre l'indice 2D:4D, un marqueur du niveau de testostrone intra-utrine, et le risque du CCSO, laquelle ne semble pas tre influence par les comportements risque.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".