Cathodic protection of water mains in Ottawa: analysis and planning
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The inventory within the water distribution system of the City of Ottawa consists of 1750 km of cast and ductile iron pipes, installed between 1874 and 2002. Ottawa started a program of cathodic protection (CP) of its water mains in 1990. The program includes both hot-spot and retrofit CP strategies. Reduction in breakage rate has been observed following the initiation of the CP program but a full economic analysis of its effectiveness was never carried out due to lack of modeling and analytical tools. The Institute for Research in Construction (IRC) of the National Research Council Canada (NRC) has recently developed a software application, WARP, (Water main Renewal Planner) that facilitates economic analysis specifically for water distribution systems. The application of WARP to data from the City of Ottawa is described in the form of a case study. WARP was developed with the support of 12 Canadian water utilities (including the City of Ottawa) and one anode manufacturer. WARP models deterioration and breakage rates and takes into consideration time-dependent factors such as: temperature, soil moisture and, cathodic protection (CP) strategies, including both hot-spot and methodical retrofit CP. It quantifies the influence of each of these factors on pipebreakage rates to (a) identify the "true" deterioration rates of buried water mains, and (b) project the economic impact of various operational strategies on future breakage rates. Keywords -- water main renewal program, cathodic protection, water mains BACKGROUND The City of Ottawa (referred to henceforth as Ottawa) has been a strong proponent in the use of cathodic protection (CP) as part of their water main rehabilitation program for the last 13 years. Initially its CP program targeted older and undersized water m...
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".