Effect of galvanic vestibular stimulation on gait in healthy subjects
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This study aims to characterize vestibular responses during gait and assess the effect of Galvanic Vestibular Stimulation (GVS) on cycle duration in healthy young individuals. Fifteen right-handed individuals participated. Electromyography (EMG) recordings of Soleus (SOLs) and Tibialis Anterior (TAs) were conducted. Stimulation intensity was determined using an accelerometer to measure head tilt induced by GVS (1-4 mA, 200 ms) and establish a motor threshold. Participants walked on a treadmill while GVS was administered at the stance phase onset with 1T (2.2 mA) and 1.5T (3.3 mA) intensities, using cathodes behind the right (RCathode) or left ear (LCathode). EMG traces were analyzed. GVS predominantly elicited long-latency responses in the right SOL, right TA, and left TA muscles, with short-latency responses in the left SOL. Responses in the right SOL, left SOL, and left TA were influenced by stimulation polarity, being facilitatory and inhibitory responses (right SOL 168.4±13.4 vs. 91.7±23.9, left SOL 189.2±28.6 vs. 84.7±29.8, and left TA 149.4±8.2 vs. 69.5±1.3 in RCathode vs LCathode respectively). When using the RCathode, the gait cycle was prolonged, attributed to prolonged EMG activity in the left SOL (p = 0.008 at 1T and 0.004 at 1.5T) and left TA (p = 0.035 at 1T and 0.002 at 1.5T) muscles. No significant change occurred with LCathode configuration. This study shows that low-intensity GVS at stance onset can lengthen the gait cycle by prolonging EMG activity of ankle muscles on the anode side.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".