Examining LUTS and school functioning from a triadic perspective in regular elementary schools
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Introduction: Schools and teachers play a significant role in the lives of children and can have a substantial impact on their lower urinary tract health (LUTH). This study examines the effects of lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) on school functioning, along with associated scholastic factors and perceptions. Participants and methods: A cross-sectional cohort study with triadic evaluation was conducted in twelve regular elementary schools between 2022 and 2024. Children completed the validated Dutch School-wellbeing questionnaire, parents filled out the validated Dutch Vancouver Symptom Score for Dysfunctional Elimination Syndrome regarding their child and teachers answered a non-validated questionnaire based on the LUTH criteria from Ko et al. (2016). Results: A total of 171 children, 365 parents and 75 teachers filled in the questionnaires. The prevalence of LUTS was 21.8%. No significant association was found between LUTS and overall school functioning? However, a trend value (p = 0.09) suggested lower social relationship scores in the LUTS group, indicating more bullying and loneliness. Schools with minimal vandalism and negative behaviors in toilets reported lower rates of daytime urinary incontinence. Unfortunately, most schools did not meet optimal LUTH criteria. Over half of the teachers (64%) were never informed about LUTS, while 58.7% expressed a desire for more information. Parents’ expectations regarding the teacher’s role in LUTS management and drinking policies differed from those of teachers. Conclusion: Raising awareness among parents and teachers is crucial for preventing, identifying and treating LUTS, highlighting the need for educational protocols on LUTH.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".