Geographical Disparities in the Distribution of Community Pharmacies Providing Aseptic Preparation Services in Japan
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Kazuya Nonomura,1,2 Kazuya Toyama,1 Yufu Kondo,1 Hirofumi Tamaki,1 Arihiro Osanai,1 Yoko Ino,3 Mitsuhiro Nakamura,4 Kazuhiro Iguchi1 1Laboratory of Community Pharmacy, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, Gifu, Japan; 2Mamiya Dispensing Pharmacy, Gifu, Japan; 3Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Health Care and Promotion, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, Gifu, Japan; 4Laboratory of Drug Informatics, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, Gifu, JapanCorrespondence: Kazuhiro Iguchi, Laboratory of Community Pharmacy, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, 1– 25– 4 Daigaku–nishi, Gifu, 501– 1196, Japan, Tel +81-58-230-8100, Fax +81-58-230-8105, Email iguchi@gifu-pu.ac.jpPurpose: Providing medical, nursing, and welfare services in each community is becoming increasingly important as population ages in Japan, and the demand for aseptic preparation in community pharmacies is expected to increase. In this study, the disparity in the distribution of community pharmacies providing aseptic preparation services were examined to explore how the unequal distribution of the pharmacies can be improved in the future.Methods: The regional inequality of community pharmacies providing aseptic preparation services was evaluated using Gini coefficients. The regional distribution was evaluated using a geographic information system application.Results: Only 8.0% of all insurance community pharmacies in Japan provided aseptic preparation services. The Gini coefficient of pharmacies providing aseptic preparation services for the total population of each municipality was 0.410. The population coverage, within 16 km of pharmacies providing aseptic preparation services, was 96.5% of the total population. The residential grid coverage, within 16 km of the pharmacies, was 75.2% of the total network, approximately one quarter not covered. It is estimated that the coverage ratios will improve by some percentage by 2050, although the projected population in 2050 is expected to decrease by approximately 20%.Conclusion: The current number and distribution of pharmacies providing aseptic preparation services are inadequate, and measures need to be taken to avoid future problems.Keywords: community pharmacies, aseptic preparation, Gini coefficient, geographic distribution
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.005 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Open science | 0.002 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".