High-speed optical receivers in nanometer complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS)
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Optical interconnects have attracted great interest as data rates continue to increase.When compared with their electrical counterparts, optical interconnects have significant advantages in terms of crosstalk, bandwidth, distance, and latency.Many applications stand to benefit from low-cost, high-speed integrated optical transceivers with single-channel gigabit data rates.As in the case of RF wireless designs, using CMOS technology is of special interest due to the potential of lower cost and higher integration.The analog frontend is a key component in optical receivers due to its importance in bridging the optical and electrical signal domains.In this work, we present a 10 Gb/s optical receiver frontend designed and fabricated in ST 's 90 nm CMOS technology.The receiver contains a transimpedance (pre)amplifier (TIA), and limiting amplifier (LA), and an output buffer (OB).The TIA demonstrates a transimpedance gain of 61.9 dBΩ and a bandwidth of 7.4 GHz, trading off noise and ISI considerations.The single-ended design utilizes 1.5 mW of power from a 1.0 V supply.The LA demonstrates a voltage gain of 21 dB and a bandwidth extended to 10 GHz using inductive peaking.The differential design utilizes 3.9 mW of power from a 1.0 V supply.Finally, the output buffer is capable of driving large output voltage swings to 50Ω on-chip terminations.In order to test the receiver, a PCB and testing strategy is co-designed with the chip.Details concerning the various design decisions, tradeoffs, are discussed in this thesis.Experimental results of a fabricated device are presented under ideal and practical system levels, with data rates up to 8.5 Gb/s.x List of Tables 1.1 Specifications of the optical receiver. . . . . . . . . .
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.002 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".