Genetic analysis of the rapid expansion of the Banded Killifish (Fundulus diaphanus) in Illinois
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Recent investigations into the rapid expansion of Banded Killifish (Fundulus diaphanus) \nin Illinois has brought to light significant conservation implications. Previous data suggested \nthat Illinois should be inhabited by the Western subspecies of Banded Killifish (F. d. menona), \nthough morphological data from recently encountered populations reveals some populations might be comprised of the Eastern subspecies (F. d. diaphanus) and/or subspecies hybrids. Until \nnow, the Illinois Endangered Species Protection Board has not had to recognize subspecies, and \nit was possible the recent expansion of Banded Killifish populations throughout Illinois could \nhave led to the removal of its threatened status, regardless of the subspecies responsible for \nthe expansion. The goal of our project was to investigate the genetic composition of expanding populations of Banded Killifish across Illinois, with an emphasis on determining whether this recovery of a rare taxa is of the native Western subspecies, an invasion of the non-native Eastern subspecies, or whether hybridization between subspecies is occurring. We compared the molecular characteristics of Banded Killifish populations in Illinois and surrounding areas to those from within the native ranges of the Western Banded Killifish and Eastern Banded Killifish. We collected Banded Killifish between 2017 and 2020 from nearly 100 sites around the Midwest – kettle lakes, southern Lake Michigan basin, the Chicago Area Waterway System (CAWS), upper Illinois River, lower Rock River, and Mississippi River – as well as areas representing known Western (e.g., Iowa, Minnesota) and Eastern (e.g., Maryland, Canada) subspecies. Genomic material was extracted from muscle tissues via common extraction kits and protocols and included the mitochondrial D-loop and nuclear X-src intron. Our results show that there are three conservation management units within Illinois – 1) the kettle lake region of McHenry and Lake counties, which is the only area not influenced by the non-native Eastern Banded Killifish; 2) the Lake Michigan – CAWS – Illinois River (including Wolf Lake and Powderhorn Lake in Cook County) population that is predominately made up of the Eastern subspecies and hybrids; and 3) the Mississippi River (including lower Rock River) population, which contains both subspecies as well as subspecies hybrids. Our data should provide the resource managers of Illinois a complete understanding of the expansion of Banded Killifish in Illinois and provide a crucial step in conserving the native Western Banded Killifish, while recognizing the existence of a non-native taxa.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".