A History of Debates Over Trans Women’s Inclusion in Elite Sport and Trans Athlete Activism in Canada
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Since Renée Richards became the first known trans woman to compete in a sport event (tennis) in 1976, trans women’s inclusion has been a contentious issue in sport. This dissertation project pieces together a (not the) history of debates over trans women’s inclusion in sport, with a focus on the activism of trans athletes in Canada. The project has been influenced by Foucault’s archeological and genealogical forms of historical analysis, transfeminist theories, and trans studies scholarship. As evidence, I draw on a wide range of primary sources, produced between 1976 and 2022, related to trans athletes in sport including print and online English Canadian newspaper and magazine articles, autobiographies, blog posts, documentaries, interviews, podcasts, written court decisions, and policies, guidelines from sport organizations. This research demonstrates that arguments against the inclusion of trans women athletes are shaped by sexist, transmisogynist, and racist myths and by discourses through which understandings of sex, gender, transness are created. In particular, I focus on scientific and popular discourses about testosterone and athletic performance. Grounded by transfeminist theories and methodologies, this dissertation aims to shift the themes of analysis and the interpretations of trans inclusion in the sport studies literature. My analysis does not centre on trans women’s embodiment or forms of gender expression. Trans women athletes do not appear in this study as tropes who reinforce female inferiority or the gender binary in sport or elsewhere. I argue that trans athletes have been active agents of resistance and change, confronting their critics, engaging in activism, and producing discursive (e.g., policies, guidelines) and material (e.g., access to fields, rinks, tracks, coaches, equipment) changes for trans people in sport. Their resistance and activism have been key to making possible the increasingly trans inclusive and gender expansive sporting environments that we see today in Canada.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.007 | 0.011 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.004 | 0.010 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.080 | 0.042 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.018 | 0.005 |
| Open science | 0.003 | 0.009 |
| Research integrity | 0.005 | 0.009 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.007 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".