HIV-sensitive social protection in Botswana: raising beneficiary and service provider voices to make existing programs more inclusive of HIV-vulnerable young wome
Bibliographic record
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Botswana achieved near epidemic control of HIV infection but HIV outcomes among young women are suboptimal.Unemployed and out-of-school young women are especially vulnerable to HIV.Structural factors like poverty, lack of education, and gender inequality increase their HIV-vulnerability while limiting their ability to act on HIV prevention choices.Promotive social protection programs, economic empowerment programs that aim to enhance income and capabilities, could mitigate their HIV-vulnerability.Botswana funds many promotive programs but unemployed and out-of-school young women rarely benefit from them.HIVsensitivity requires that programs are inclusive of people at risk of, affected by, or living with HIV, and that HIV-vulnerable groups are involved in their design.This thesis aims to make existing social protection programs in Botswana more HIV-sensitive by engaging direct stakeholders in the generation and assessment of alternative policy and practice options.METHODS: A systematic review summarized regional best practices in HIV-sensitive social protection interventions (Manuscript 1).A qualitative study explored barriers and solutions to young women's inclusion in Botswana's promotive social protection programs (Manuscript 2).A total of 146 young women and frontline service providers in five randomly selected districts participated in 11 fuzzy cognitive maps, five deliberative dialogues and 20 semi-structured interviews.The review and exploratory study contributed improvement proposals within and beyond the remit of social protection.A 30-person panel of the same stakeholders assessed these proposals in a two-round modified Policy Delphi (Manuscript 3).The panel rated improvement proposals for desirability and feasibility in Round 1.In Round 2, they ranked them for relative importance.Panelists provided rationales and implementation suggestions in both rounds.RESULTS: The regional systematic review suggested that HIV-sensitive social protection should be comprehensive and adapted to HIV-vulnerable young women.Successful program components included life and job skills training, grants, savings, mentorship, and social safe space in the form of group meetings.The local exploratory study identified barriers to young women's inclusion at personal, interpersonal, community, and structural levels, and highlighted outreach and peer approaches for program improvement.The review and exploratory study contributed 33 proposals in four improvement categories: (i) programs; (ii) training; (iii) outreach; and (iv) program delivery and coordination.Delphi panelists identified seven more, resulting in a total of 40 improvement HIV-sensitive social protection for vulnerable young women in East and Southern Africa: A systematic review [
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.003 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.008 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.003 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.004 |
| Research integrity | 0.002 | 0.003 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.013 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".