The 1967 Paraplegic Games in Winnipeg: a history of the origins and impacts of Canada’s first international para sport competition
Bibliographic record
Abstract
In 1967, Winnipeg, Manitoba, hosted the Pan American Games. Not included in written histories of this event is the subsequent “Paraplegic Games (Pan Am 1967)” hosted one week later using many of the same venues. The Paraplegic Games were the first international wheelchair sport competition in Canada. Men and women competed in nine different sports over five days. Two contemporary articles, published in medical journals, highlighted the medical aspect of disability rather than the actual Games themselves. These are the only scholarly analyses of the event, as it remains absent from Canadian sport history and histories of Para sport, both in Canada and internationally. This qualitative research project collected data on the Paraplegic Games from five different archives, as well as the personal documents on another researcher. Three oral history interviews supplemented the archival research. In pursuing the study’s research questions -- how did the Paraplegic Games come to fruition? and what were some of the impacts of the Paraplegic Games? – three topics emerged. The first explores the organization of the Paraplegic Games, including why the Pan American Games were approached to host Canada’s first international wheelchair sport competition. The second considers the impacts of the Paraplegic Games at the local, national, and international level. The final topic examines the way the organizers approached the event; in the early years of Para sport, sport was used strictly for rehabilitation and was very medicalized. The organizers for the Paraplegic Games saw sport as an opportunity for social change, to show society that people with disabilities were “strong and capable” rather than “weak and helpless.” The 1967 Paraplegic Games marks the first documented wheelchair competition of sport being used for social change rather than rehabilitation.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.004 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.023 | 0.010 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.007 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.002 | 0.005 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.006 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".