Solar Ultraviolet Radiation's Effect on Prostate Cancer Risk and the Role of being Overweight or Obese: A Canadian Cohort Study
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Background: While solar ultraviolet radiation (UVR) exposure is a known cause of melanoma, epidemiologic studies have examined the association between solar UVR exposure and prostate cancer (PCa) risk, depicting a potential protective effect of increased solar UVR exposure. The relationship is potentially modified by obesity as it impacts vitamin D metabolism. Only two previous Canadian studies have investigated solar UVR exposure and PCa risk. This study’s objectives were to investigate the relationship between three different solar UVR exposures and PCa risk in Canada. \nMethods: This prospective cohort study used data from three cohorts within the Canadian Partnership for Tomorrow’s Health, linked to cancer registries or administrative data to identify cancer cases. Questionnaires were completed at baseline to obtain information on sun exposure, occupation, and PCa risk factors. A cox proportional hazards model was used to estimate hazard ratios (HR) for time spent in the sun and ambient UVR exposure. A nested case-cohort study was created to study occupational UVR, using a weighted cox proportional hazards model. Both models used age as the timescale. Interactions by ambient UVR, sun protection, vitamin D intake, and calcium intake were explored. For further exploration, a combined solar UVR variable was created, comprised of time spent in the sun and occupational UVR. \nResults: No statistically significant associations were observed between solar UVR and PCa risk. One statistically significant observation with normal BMI, between time spent in the sun categories of 1 to < 2 hours per day and < 1 hour per day (HR: 0.64, 95% CI: 0.44, 0.92). No statistically significant interactions were observed with occupational UVR and time spent in the sun with ambient UVR, sun protection, vitamin D and calcium. No association was observed between combined solar UVR and PCa risk. \nConclusion: Overall, results of this study do not support a relationship between solar UVR exposure in Canada to PCa risk. This project adds to the Canadian literature examining the relationship between solar UVR exposure and PCa risk and with three measures of solar UVR exposure. Further research should expand on this study with greater variation within the solar UVR exposure categories.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".