Spatial and temporal patterns of biofouling aquatic invasive species in the Salish Sea
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Aquatic invasive species (AIS) have the potential to result in significant ecological and economic impacts. In the Salish Sea a number of primary and secondary invasion vectors exist including commercial shipping, recreational boating, and aquaculture-related movements that can introduce or spread AIS. An important subset of all AIS in this area are biofouling species, including tunicates and bryozoans, that can outcompete and displace native species. To better understand spatial and temporal patterns of biofouling AIS in the Salish Sea, Fisheries and Oceans Canada (DFO) has carried out a monitoring program since 2006 – a program that has expanded in scope and scale as partnerships with First Nations, stakeholders, and industry have developed. Here we report on the detection and spread of biofouling AIS, including results from the 2021 field season. To date, this program has identified over a dozen biofouling AIS in the Salish Sea. There has been substantial “localized” spread of many common biofouling AIS over time, particularly for colonial tunicate species, a pattern that isn’t explained by sampling effort alone. Thus, given the life histories of these species, the movement of small vessels and other floating infrastructure is likely a crucial vector facilitating their spread throughout the Salish Sea.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".