Alpha- and beta-adrenergic receptors differentially modulate the emission of spontaneous and amphetamine-induced 50-kHz ultrasonic vocalizations in adult rats
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Amphetamine (AMPH) increases adult rat 50-kHz ultrasonic vocalizations, preferentially promoting frequency-modulated (FM) calls that have been proposed to reflect positive affect.The main objective of this study was to investigate a possible noradrenergic contribution to AMPH-induced calling.Adult male Long-Evans rats were tested with AMPH (1 mg/kg intraperitoneal) or saline combined with various systemic pretreatments: clonidine (a2 adrenergic agonist), prazosin (a1 antagonist), atipamezole (a2 antagonist), propranolol, betaxolol, and/or ICI 118,551 (b1/b2, b1, and b2 antagonists, respectively), nadolol (b1/b2 antagonist, peripheral only), or NAD-299 (5HT 1A antagonist).In addition, effects of cirazoline (a1 adrenergic agonist) and cocaine (0.25-1.5 mg/kg intravenous) were studied alone.AMPH-induced calling was suppressed by low-dose clonidine and prazosin.Cirazoline and atipamezole did not significantly affect calling rate.Propranolol, without affecting the call rate, dose dependently promoted 'flat' calls under AMPH while suppressing 'trills,' thus reversing the effects of AMPH on the 'call subtype profile.'This effect of propranolol seemed to be mediated by simultaneous inhibition of CNS b1 and b2 rather than by 5HT 1A receptors.Finally, cocaine elicited fewer calls than did AMPH, but produced the same shift in the call subtype profile.Taken together, these results reveal differential drug effects on flat vs trill vs other FM 50-kHz calls.These findings highlight the value of detailed call subtype analyses, and show that 50-kHz calls are associated with adrenergic a1and b-receptor mechanisms.These preclinical findings suggest that noradrenergic contributions to psychostimulant subjective effects may warrant further investigation.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".