Anaerobic co-digestion of fruit juice and municipal bio-waste in the Okanagan Valley
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Fruit harvesting and juice making is one of the most important sectors in the Okanagan Valley. Fruit- juice production generates industrial wastewater with high organic strength that needs to be treated, generally on-site, prior to being discharged to the municipal wastewater treatment system. In the Okanagan Valley, the organic residuals of fruit-juice wastewater treatment, such as screen cake and thickened waste activated sludge, are currently being sent to local landfills or composting facilities, which is not desirable. Given the growing interest in utilizing industrial, agricultural and municipal waste streams in centralized bioreactors for optimized energy (biogas) recovery, this study evaluated the anaerobic co-digestion performance of industrial organic streams from Sun-Rype Products Ltd. wastewater treatment facility with municipal waste sludge cake from Kelowna’s municipal wastewater treatment plant. Excess landfill leachate source at the Glenmore Landfill was also utilized to dilute some of the concentrated streams and provided additional buffering capacity. Both single and co-digestion scenarios were tested in laboratory-scale mesophilic and thermophilic semi-continuous flow digesters at sludge retention times of 20 and 10 days, corresponding to organic digester loading rates of 1.41-4.80 g chemical oxygen demand /L/day. Digestion studies demonstrated that co-digestion of fruit-juice streams with municipal sludge cake and leachate resulted in more stable operation even at the higher loading due to additional buffering capacity available compare to single scenarios. In addition, organic removal efficiencies were higher for the co-digestion scenarios. Furthermore, dewaterability of municipal sludge cake was enhanced by the addition of industrial secondary sludge. Thermophilic digestates could qualify under Class A biosolids according to Organic Matter Recycling Regulation (OMRR) of BC in terms of coliform presence; however presence of higher coliforms at mesophilic digestion temperatires downgraded the mesophilic digestates to Class B biosolids. Finally, ppreliminary cost analysis indicated an overall saving of $10.52 million ($2 million in capital and $8.52 million in operational) over 25-year period for a co-digestion scenario utilizing all waste streams over building/operating two separate digesters for municipal and industrial waste streams.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".