Basque Traces in the Toponymy of Newfoundland and Various Coasts of\nAtlantic Canada
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Whereas the first and undoubtedly most important toponymic stratum of the island of Newfoundland and \nadjacent waters is Portuguese, the presence of Basques from the 1530s to the late 17th century on the South \nand West coasts of Newfoundland, the islands of Cape Breton, Saint-Pierre and Miquelon and on the left \nbank of the Saint Lawrence River had relatively little impact on the geographical nomenclature. \nDocumentation is rare and not readily accessible, and the omnipresence of French during this period was \nnot at all favorable to the development of appellations given by French and Spanish Basques. Many names \nare now extinct, others have been Frenchified and Anglicized ('Port au Port', 'Port au Choix', 'Ingornachoix'). \nThe most complete repertory of Basque names (although many of them are mixed or hybrid \nappellations) is to be found in Pierre Detcheverry’s edition of the rutter of Martín de Hoyarçabal (Bayonne \n1677). In contrast, his map of 1689 and that of Denis de Rotis (1676) offer only a relatively small number. \nAn accurate comparison of maps and charts from the 16th and 17th century until today will show to what \nextent Basque names – including those of minor geographical features – have stayed, been altered or \nvanished completely. \nOther categories, e.g., the commemorative names ('Lac de ~' and 'Anse de l’Échafaud du Basque', \n'Basque Island', etc.) and name transfers of places of origin with reference to the Basque Country ('Amuitx', \n'Plasencia') – some of them hypothetical ('Cape Breton') – will also be discussed in this paper.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.005 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.008 | 0.004 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.004 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.008 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".