Black Students in Canada’s Higher Education System: A Systematic Literature Review
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Whereas studies show that minorities in Canada experience education differently given their various intersectional identities, there is no systematic literature review that synthesized the existing empirical literature on the experiences of Black students in Canada’s higher education system. Contingent on this premise, we acknowledge that people who identify as Blacks are not homogenous and examined twenty peer-reviewed studies on their educational experiences in Canada, published between the 1960s and 2024. Articles for this study were retrieved from specific academic databases (Omni, Science Direct, Scopus, Google Scholar, and Jstor). Our study identified four interrelated themes that discussed issues of general lived educational experiences, discrimination, unbalanced power relations and Black students’ subjective wellbeing. The findings also revealed the various coping mechanisms employed by Back students in higher education when faced with challenges. Consequently, policy interventions should strive to simultaneously address individual and group-level educational challenges of Black students in Canada.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.010 | 0.039 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.004 | 0.003 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.026 | 0.037 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.004 | 0.002 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.005 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.004 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".