Characteristics, Etiological Factors, and Visual Outcomes of Pediatric Open Globe Injuries in Central Saudi Arabia: A 22-Year Retrospective Study
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Huda Al Ghadeer,1 Rajiv Khandekar2,3 1Emergency Department, King Khaled Eye Specialist Hospital, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; 2Research Department, King Khaled Eye Specialist Hospital, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; 3Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, CanadaCorrespondence: Huda Al Ghadeer, Emergency Department, King Khaled Eye Specialist Hospital, PO Box 7191, Riyadh, 11462, Saudi Arabia, Tel +966 1 4821234 ext. 2500, Email hghadeer@kkesh.med.saPurpose: To discuss the characteristics, etiological factors, and visual outcomes of open globe injuries (OGIs) in children at a tertiary eye hospital in Riyadh, Central Saudi Arabia.Methods: This was a hospital-based cohort study conducted in 2021. Children aged ≤ 16 years with OGI based on the Birmingham Eye Trauma Terminology classification were included. The age, gender, type, cause of OGI, and vision were recorded, as well as uncorrected and best corrected visual acuity (UCVA and BCVA, respectively). There was a change in the UCVA and BCVA one year after management. BCVA following management was linked to a variety of factors.Results: There were 664 eyes with OGI. [median age 5.1, 461 (69.6%) boys]. UCVA at presentation was < 20/400 in 525 (79%) of eyes with OGI. Injuries were mainly due to metallic objects in 195 (29.4%), glass in 102 (15.4%), and fireworks in 62 (9.4%). The Change in visual impairment grade in UCVA and BCVA after management compared to the initial presentation was significant (p < 0.001). Improvement of two lines of BCVA was noted in 345 (52%), no change in (
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.005 | 0.006 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".