Determining the Distribution and Abundance of Wintering Red-tailed Hawk Subspecies in Illinois
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Red-tailed Hawks (RTH) are one of the most common raptorial birds in North America. Twelve subspecies are recognized, four of which winter in Illinois: Buteo jamaicensis borealis, the predominant subspecies that breeds and winters in IL and eastern North America; B. j. calarus (breeds in western U.S. and western Canada); B. j. kriderii (breeds in northern Great Plains and western Canada); B. j. harlani (breeds in Alaska). In addition, B. j. abieticola (breeds from New England to southeast Alaska) winters in IL and is currently under consideration as a distinct subspecies. However, no systematic surveys have been conducted to determine the winter distribution and abundance of RTH subspecies within the state. Wintering RTH subspecies in IL were documented via analyses of photos of live-trapped hawks (n = 46), photo submissions to eBird (a national repository of documented bird sightings in the U.S.; n = 2142), documentation in Vert Net (listing of RTH study skins in museum collections; n = 131), photos from private individuals, and winter raptor surveys. Analyses of photos of live-trapped RTH indicate that B. j. borealis comprised 93.48% of captures, while 6.52% were B. j. abieticola. B. j. borealis was trapped throughout IL, with 23.26% in northern IL, 65.12% in central IL, and 11.63% in southern IL. In contrast, two of three B. j. abieticola were trapped in northern IL, and one in central IL. This study provides baseline data of the winter distribution of a common raptor within IL, which can aid in understanding how climate change may alter this pattern.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".