Development of Glass Ionomer Cements with Improved Mechanical and Remineralizing Properties by Incorporation of 45S5 Bioglass®-Ceramic
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Despite significant efforts to improve the clinical performance (e.g. mechanical and remineralizing properties) of glass ionomer cements (GICs), their essential characteristics such as proper translucency, adhesion to enamel and dentine, and fluoride-releasing capability cannot yet be fully exploited in load-bearing areas in restorative dentistry. The aim of this study is to introduce a functional approach to improve not only the mechanical properties of GICs, but also to enhance their biomineralizing capacity. \nIn the first stage of this study, a series of versatile heat treatment profiles are used to tailor the crystallinity of 45S5 Bioglass® within a wide range of 5% to 100% via the formation of solely combeite as a mechanically competent yet bioactive phase. The resulting 45S5 glass-ceramics containing combeite not only are expected to retain beneficial levels of bioactivity, but also show improved mechanical properties compared to those of the amorphous 45S5 Bioglass®. By choosing the proper heat treatment from the proposed profiles in this study, different levels of mechanical properties and bioactivity in Bioglass® can be achieved according to the target application(s). \nIn the second stage of this study, hybrid GICs with enhanced mechanical and remineralizing properties were developed via incorporation of an optimum amount (5 wt%) of 45S5 Bioglass®-ceramic particles with a certain degree of crystallinity. The effect of the degree of crystallinity of additives, which is completely overlooked in the current literature, was also addressed in this study. Mechanical properties testing, in vitro studies and microstructural analysis revealed that the Bioglass®-ceramic particles with 74% crystallinity best act as both remineralizing and reinforcing agents. Enhanced remineralizing and mechanical properties may not only broaden the hybrid GICs’ clinical applications but also can potentially enhance their in vivo performance. \nIn the last stage of this study, a novel aluminum-free, 45S5 Bioglass®-based GIC with standard mechanical properties was produced. For the first time, 45S5 Bioglass® and its Bioglass®-ceramic were used as the GIC solid component. The Bioglass®-ceramic particles with 74% crystallinity was used as they favorably act as both remineralizing and reinforcing agents. The early stage progression of setting reaction was monitored. Bimodal particle size distribution was shown to improve the packing density and integrity of the set cement. In such GICs, not only the neurotoxicity of Al is eliminated, but chemical bond formation at cement/hard tissue(s) interface through interfacial biomineralization and adhesion is expected.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".