DIETARY INTAKES AND PHYSICAL ACTIVITY IN A SAMPLE OF CHILDREN IN SASKATOON
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Diet and physical activity are modifiable human behaviors and play important roles in children's health. Almost all diet and physical activity studies in children have examined diet or physical activity separately and have not looked at these two factors together in the same sample of children. This study was carried out to investigate both diet and physical activity in a group of children to better understand the relationship of diet and physical activity, as well as to collect healthy reference data for future studies in clinical child populations. Fifty children (26 females and 24 males) ages ranging from 6 to 15 years, living in Saskatoon were recruited for the study. Mean ages, heights, weights, head circumferences and tricep skinfold thicknesses of male and female children were not significantly different to each other. Male children had significantly higher energy, carbohydrate, protein, and fat intakes. Energy intakes of males and females were low compared to literature values. Thirty one (62%) children were below adequate intake (AI) for calcium and the number of children below AI for vitamin D was 16 (38%). Thirty two (64%) children were below estimated average requirement (EAR) for vitamin E. There was no difference in the level of physical activity between male and female children when using Physical activity questionnaire for older children (PAQ-C), activity diary, and Caltrac. Twenty percent of children was obese and this was similar to the North American reported values. Both males (-192 ± 610 kcal) and females (- 410 ± 393 kcal) had a apparent negative energy balance with a significantly greater negative balance observed in females (p<0.05). Twenty children (40%) were underreporters at the energy intake (EI) to the estimated resting energy expenditure ratio of less than 1.1, the cut off level. Underreporters had significantly higher mean age (11.1 ± 2.9 years) and BMI (18.8 ± 2.8 kg/m') than normal reporters (8.7 ± 2.1 years and 16.28 ± 2.5 kg/m2). Also, underreporters' mean energy intakes (1258 ± 193 kcal) and physical activity (PAQ-C) rating: 2.69 ± 0.62) were lower than normal reporters (1610 ± 372 kcal and PAQ-C rating: 3.03 ± 0.51) . No association was found between underreporting and children's sex or BMI. The difference in male and female children's nutrient intakes, mainly energy intake, was due to their sex differences and cannot be attributed to their underreporting, anthropometry or levels of physical activities. Underreporting would have reduced apparent mean energy and other nutrient intakes. The level of nutrient intakes and physical activity were adequate except inadequacies observed in relation to calcium, vitamin D, vitamin A, and vitamin E intakes. Increase in vegetable and fruit, and milk products up to the Canada's Food Guide's minimum recommended levels is recommended to reduce the vitamin D, vitamin A, and vitamin E inadequacies.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".