Emergence and Molecular Characterization of NAP4 Clostridium difficile Healthcare-Associated Infections in Canada
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Clostridium difficile is an important nosocomial pathogen and the leading cause of antibiotic-associated diarrhea. In the early 2000's, major outbreaks of C. difficile occurred in the Canada and the United States, both caused by the same strain, the North American Pulsed-Field type 1 (NAP1). Recently a steady rise in prevalence of a NAP4 strain was observed. This study utilized phenotypic and genotypic methods, including whole genome sequencing, to fully characterize and better understand the emergence of NAP4 in Canada. Through WGS it was revealed that an emerging NAP4 PFGE type (PFGE type 0033) has acquired a novel phage (phiCD505), which harbors transcriptional regulators and is inserted in close proximity to a GMP synthase gene. The role of these phage encoded transcriptional regulators on C. difficile virulence factors and/or disruption of normal expression of GMP synthase remain to be elucidated, but might be contributing to the emergence of this PFGE type.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.003 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".