Environmental Mycobacteria
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Johne’s Disease is a debilitating chronic enteritis caused by Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (Map), and has great economic impact on affected dairy farms.1, 2 \nInfection occurs in young calves, by exposure to manure from mature Map-shedding cattle. To reduce infection status on farms, prevention plans are in order, because no treatment is available for Johne’s Disease. Prevention plans for Johne’s disease rely on age-dependent susceptibility, with a cut-off at the age of six months. This cut-off is based on one paper from 1975, where only 9 animals were included in the experiment3. \nIn a clinical trial at the University of Calgary this age dependent susceptibility is being investigated with a larger number of animals: 34 male Holstein-Friesian calves are subject of a research to age- and dose dependent susceptibility to infection with Map. They will be infected with a virulent Map strain at 5 different ages (2 weeks, 3-6-9 and 12 months) with a high-(5 x 109 CFU) and a low inoculum dose (5 x 107 CFU).\nBesides this pathogenic mycobacterium, there are also environmental mycobacteria where young calves are exposed to. These mycobacteria can be found in a wide variety of environmental reservoirs, including natural and municipal water, soils, aerosols and protozoans.4 Because of ingestion and close contact with these reservoirs, environmental mycobacteria can also be found in animals and humans. \nEvidence exists for a cross-reaction in immunity between rapid growing environmental mycobacteria and other pathogenic mycobacterial species (tuberculosis and leprosy) in humans4. That’s why we are interested in the impact of environmental mycobacteria on the infection with Map in calves. \nThere are different protocols known for isolating mycobacteria from water, soil or milk5, 6, but there is none for isolating mycobacteria from faeces. \nThat was the aim of this study: to identify an appropriate protocol to isolate different mycobacteria from faeces. Mycobacterium smegmatis was used as a model for rapid growing mycobacteria. \nUnfortunately, no perfect protocol was found. An important conclusion of this research is that HPC (Hexadecyl Pyridinium Chloride), frequently used to isolate Map from faeces, is not appropriate to isolate environmental mycobacteria, because M. smegmatis does not survive concentrations higher than 0,1%, and other faecal bacteria do.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.022 | 0.010 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".