An experimental investigation of glacial till erodibility and the impacts of slaking
Bibliographic record
Abstract
A better understanding of the glacial till erosion process and specifically the impacts of slaking (the disintegration/fragmentation of unsaturated soil after immersion in water) could be used to improve the design and operation of the proposed Lake St. Martin Outlet Channel, as well as other infrastructure affected by glacial till erosion. To study this, a total of 48 erosion tests were conducted on intact glacial till samples in a hydraulic flume located at the University of Manitoba. The critical shear stress of till which had not been subjected to slaking was found to be greater than 13 Pa for all sample locations and was typically in excess of 17 Pa (the maximum shear stress that could be applied by the apparatus). Conversely, the critical shear stress of slaked till was found to be less than 2 Pa. Due to this significant difference in critical shear stress, it is suggested that slaking may in some ways govern the rate of erosion. To better understand slaking, the slaking threshold (the minimum matric suction that will result in slaking) was estimated for material from the various sample locations by iteratively drying till samples to increasing matric suction prior to immersion in water. This threshold ranged from approximately 4 Pa to 400 Pa and was found to increase with increasing density and decrease with increasing clay content. Furthermore, slaking was found to be dependent on the rate of wetting, as samples saturated through capillary rise prior to immersion did not slake. Finally, recompacting till material with hydrated lime was found to effectively prevent slaking and it is suggested that lime stabilization could be considered as an alternative to conventional erosion protection depending on the project scale, location, and the local material present.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".