Hip Hop Politics: Recognising a Southern Complexity
Bibliographic record
Abstract
doing so, I distance myself from previous work on hip hop based on race (Forman and Neal 2004;Neate 2004;Rose 1994) and/or age (Kitwana 2002;Watkins 2005).Such a racial explanation for hip hop is a geo-historical framing of hip hop as a Black American culture, which can be confronted in its forms elsewhere with the actual experiences of Latinos living in American ghettoes, of Portuguese or Maghreb immigrant descendants stigmatized in French banlieues, of Algonkin Natives parked in Canadian reserves; or, in this case, even young Africans marginalized in gerontocratic societies such as Dakar.Drawing on Chang (2005), I also question the definition of hip hop as a contemporary youth culture.In fact, 'generations are fictions'; they are 'used in larger struggle over power' and stand as 'a way of imposing a narrative' (ibid.: 1).In reality, hip hop pioneers in the USA, France or Senegal, who still actively participate in this movement, are a variety of ages: in their forties, and in some instances, over fifty! 1 Nonetheless, explanations based on race (and age) persist despite exposure to the diverse ways in which hip hop has emerged throughout the world.Overly focused on 'origins', this geo-historical understanding attests to a single referentiality that leads scholars to consider other appearances of hip hop in the world as different 'appropriations' of an 'original' cultural movement.This tendency ref lects problematic linear continuities in terms of racial and social geographies and histories (Bennett 1999;Mitchell 2002;Perry 2004;Basu and Lemelle 2006).In this chapter, I deconstruct such linear and universalist approaches to hip hop as a movement, through Foucault's understanding of 'genealogy' that distances itself from a strict historiography as well as from any study of the origins (Foucault 1977).Rather than maintaining a focus on the systematic and particularistic analysis of the origins of this movement, I am interested instead in the multiple and ongoing expressive, discursive, even body-related praxis developed through history's accidents, unexpected deviations and unanticipated dispersions; in other words, the 'genealogy' of its 'descents' (ibid.).Such a focus suggests a genealogy that is an epistemological project, seeking to subvert the totalitarian nature of globalizing discourse regarding hip hop.Rather than a single referentiality then, I argue that hip hop is multi-polar and multi-referential.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.003 | 0.002 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.008 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".