Genetic structure of the genus Milicia: taxonomy, phylogeography, population dynamics
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Characterizing population genetic structure using phylogeographic approach contributes to understanding of evolutionary processes that affect plant populations. The present study investigated how past environmental variations can shape the spatial genetic diversity of an African timber tree species, Milicia excelsa (Welw) C.C. Berg. Given that plant responses to disturbances are closely linked to life history traits, this research also aimed to describe relationships between the reproductive traits of M. excelsa and its population genetic structure. Phylogeographic analyses were performed throughout the range of M. excelsa using nuclear and chloroplastic markers. Ecological characterization was conducted for a single population located in south-East Cameroon. Since M. excelsa is similar to the other species of its genus, M. regia (A. Chev) C.C. Berg, we first performed a morphogenetic comparison of these two taxa. The results confirmed an important morphological similarity between the two species with very rare discriminating criteria. In fact Bayesian assignment methods and reproductive isolation patterns suggest the occurrence of interspecific hybridization, which appeared to be unidirectional: hybrids displayed the M. regia morphotype. Because M. regia is known to be more adapted to humid tropical forests, one may expect it to occur in the Congo basin zone. However, its range is restricted to the western part of West Africa while M. excelsa occurs from Guinea-Conakry to Zimbabwe. Interestingly, in the case of M. excelsa, Central and West African specimens had no shared haplotype. This result was unexpected because long gene dispersal distances were found in Cameroonian populations, as expected from the behaviours of the main dispersal animals we identified, the bat Eidolon helvum and the parrots Psittacus erithacus and Agapornis swindernianus. In general, despite the likelihood for long distance seed dispersal, distinct genetic clusters were identified over West and Central Africa and their location may support the forest refugia hypothesis. In addition a phylogeographical signal was detected in chloroplast DNA indicating a prolonged separation between West and Central Africa populations with an accumulation of new mutations. At a smaller spatial scale, patterns of genetic structure also seemed to be weakly influenced by divergent reproduction times among sympatric individuals. The level of genetic diversity in the study populations falls within the range of values calculated for other tropical tree species. If phylogeography helps to infer population history, it also requires ecological or biological information to confirm some uncertainties. Such detailed data were often lacking to completely interpret numerous of our results. The present study raised new questions and led to new perspectives for further investigation both in phylogeography and botany.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".