‘The international Siamese twins’: the iconography of Anglo-American inter-imperialism
Bibliographic record
Abstract
As the United States began to assert itself more forcefully on the international stage in the 1890s, American statesmen, commentators, and cartoonists sought to understand world power through the lens of its closest rival and chief model: the British Empire.Although diplomatic crises still troubled transatlantic relations, by the final quarter of the nineteenth century Americans celebrated the long-standing transnational cultural, social, and political connections between the two nations.For so long interpreted as debilitating neo-imperial binds, these transnational ties were increasingly viewed as evidence of the United States' transition to great power status.This transition depended upon a great deal of inter-imperial collaboration, which soon found powerful expression in the visual vocabulary of American illustrators.American graphic artists both reacted to, and shaped, the narrative of Anglo-American convergence, drawing on a range of symbols, caricatures, and cultural allusions to depict support for, or scepticism of, the reunion of the former colonies with its imperial parent.As both an opinionforming and opinion-reflecting medium, these caricatures shine a powerful spotlight on the evolution of popular attitudes toward imperialism and foreign relations in late nineteenthcentury US political culture.A 'magazine revolution' of affordable popular journals reached large new audiences in the burgeoning urban metropolises of the United States ' Gilded Age (c.1870-1900).
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.004 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.004 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".