Interaction among deer browsing, hunting, and tree regeneration
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The intentional removal or addition of species or specific human impacts on ecosystems trigger changes that can help us understand species interactions. In many temperate forests, deer populations are increasing and so is the need to understand how they influence ecosystems. We took advantage of the introduction of Sitka black-tailed deer (Odocoileus hemionus sitchensis Merriam) to the Queen Charlotte Islands (Haida Gwaii), British Columbia, Canada, to study how hunting pressure affects the impact of deer on tree regeneration after logging. We show that although the regeneration of western redcedar (Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don) is drastically reduced in presence of deer, regeneration is better and browsing stress lower, in areas where deer are more exposed to hunting. Similar effects of accessibility for hunters are observed on browsing stress of Sitka spruce (Picea sitchensis (Bong.) Carriere). Western hemlock (Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.) is not significantly affected, and its regeneration is not correlated to hunting. We suggest that the effect of hunting on tree regeneration could be explained by the incidence of hunting on deer behaviour rather than by the actual number of deer killed by hunters. These results suggest that the future occurrence of redcedar stands in second-growth forests on this archipelago may depend on the amount and distribution of deer hunting. / L'éradication ou l'addition d'espèces, ainsi que l'impact de certaines activités humaines sur les écosystèmes, peuvent déclencher des modifications dans les communautés permettant de mieux comprendre les mécanismes qui gouvernent les interactions entre espèces. Dans une grande partie des forêts tempérées nous assistons à un accroissement important des populations de cervidés; d'où la nécessité de mieux comprendre comment la présence du cerf influence les écosystèmes. Nous avons tiré profit de l'introduction du cerf à queue noire de Sitka (Odocoileus hemionus sitchensis Merriam) sur les îles de la Reine-Charlotte (Haida Gwaii) en Colombie-Britannique (Canada) pour étudier comment la pression de chasse exercée sur le cerf affecte la régénération naturelle des conifères après une coupe à blanc. En présence du cerf, la régénération du thuya géant (Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don) est très fortement réduite, mais elle est meilleure dans les zones facilement accessibles aux chasseurs, zones où le taux d'abroutissement est par ailleurs plus faible. Nous avons observé la même chose avec l'épinette de Sitka (Picea sitchensis (Bong.) Carrière). La pruche de l'Ouest (Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.) n'est pas significativement affectée et la chasse n'a pas d'impact sur la régénération de cette essence. L'impact de la chasse sur la régénération des arbres est davantage dû à l'effet de la chasse sur le comportement du cerf qu'au nombre de cerfs tués par les chasseurs. L'avenir du thuya géant dans les forêts de seconde venue de cet archipel est donc fonction de l'intensité et de la distribution de la chasse.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".