The long-lasting effects of parental criticism on adult error processing
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Early aversive environments can have lasting effects on neural development. Harsh parenting, in particular, has the potential to cause heightened threat sensitivity in children, which may predispose these individuals to developing anxiety-related disorders later in life. The error-related negativity (ERN) is a response-locked ERP that occurs within 100ms of the commission of an error and is maximal at fronto-central EEG electrode sites. Additionally, the error positivity (Pe) is another response locked-ERP that occurs both 200ms, and 400 ms after error commission and is maximal at parieto-central EEG electrode sites. Deviation in the magnitude of the ERN, but not Pe has been demonstrated in toddlers subject to harsh parenting, as well as during experimental conditions where error commission is punished. Parental criticism (PC), a facet of harsh parenting, has been related to a number of internalizing psychopathologies, and enhanced ERN magnitude in children/adolescents. However, the relationship between self-reported harsh criticism in childhood, and ERN magnitude in adulthood has not been examined. The present study investigated potential associations between error-related brain activity and self-reported levels of PC. Results suggest that enhanced error-related brain activity is related to higher reports of PC in an adult sample. These results imply that the effects of punitive parenting on neural processing of threat in childhood or adolescence may extend into adulthood.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".