Lower urinary tract dysfunction and uroflowmetry in children with cerebral palsy.
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Purpose: Lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) are common in patients with cerebral palsy (CP). Although recommended in typically developing children, uroflowmetry is not routinely used in children with CP. The objective of the study is to investigate uroflow measurement in children with CP with and without LUTS. Patients and methods: A cross-sectional observational study is conducted including children with CP between five and twelve years old. Children are evaluated using uroflowmetry followed by an automated evaluation of post void residual urine. Two to three toilet moments with a personally adapted toilet chair are caried out. Data concerning LUTS are collected by means of the validated Dutch Vancouver Symptom Score for Dysfunctional Elimination Syndrome (VSSDES) questionnaire. Results: The study will be conducted between 2021 and 2023 and is therefore still ongoing. Twenty-seven children have been included in the study, with a mean age of 8,44 years old and 59 % of them being male. 15 children (55%) were dry, 5 (19%) had isolated daytime incontinence, 3 (11%) had isolated enuresis and 4 (15 %) had combined daytime incontinence and enuresis. A bell-shaped curve was most frequently seen and demonstrated by 14 (52%) children. No significant difference was present in the amount of bell-shaped curves in the group with or without incontinence (p = 0,44). However, the group with combined daytime incontinence and enuresis demonstrated no bell-shaped curves. Voided volume as percentage of expected bladder capacity for age tended to be lower (40,6 % vs. 59,8 %) and PVR as percentage of voided volume tended to be higher (17 % vs. 7 %) in the children with incontinence, but no statistical difference was established. Conclusions: Uroflow abnormalities are frequent in children with CP. Results could improve the use and interpretation of uroflow measurement in children with CP.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".