The protection of indigenous medicinal knowledge in international intellectual property law /
Bibliographic record
Abstract
For 20 years, and more intensively during the last decade, indigenous knowledge has challenged the regime of intellectual property.If this field of law has been, in the past, challenged by new technology, it is now, with the problematic of indigenous medicinal knowledge, put to the test by "old invention".The present thesis examines the status of indigenous medicinal knowledge in international intellectual property law.Thus, we will proceed to the study of the main international conventions and the common regime of intellectual property law in order to determine the treatment accorded to medicinal indigenous knowledge within the actual system.The role that intellectual property could play in the future will also be examined.Stadacona;! 1535; Jacques Cartier and his crew are experiencing their first "Canadian winter."The group is affected by scurvy, a quarter ofthem have died and the rest remains severely m?At this time, with the use of such methods as bleeding and purging, the term "scientific me di cine" cornes close to being an oxymoron.While the Frenchmen are powerless in ameliorating their fate and await their death, Domagaya, an Iroquois, provides them with a tea made from leaves of white cedar.After a few days, members of the crew are cured.3 In sorne ways, the history of Canada would not have been the same without the cures of indigenous people.Obviously, "scientific" medicine has significantly evolved since that time.However, a sentiment of superiority over native medicine seems to persist.Paradoxicall y, or maybe in the logic of Jean de Lafontaine's famous fable Le lion et le rat,4 Western medicine has "rediscovere d" native or indigenous medicinal knowledge.Pharmaceuti cal companies now turn to indigenous knowledge to accelerate their research on treatments for a large range of illness.This is not simply a coincidence.The market for herbaI products, for example, is flourishing.According to Dr Suman Sahai, "it is estimated to touch five trillions US dollars by 2020.,,5This rising interest for indigenous medicine is not without problems.Indeed, indigenous peoples and their representativ es are protesting, claiming that they are victims of biopiracy.6"Biopiracy" , however, is not the subject of an accepted definition.The Action 1
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.004 | 0.003 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.005 | 0.025 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.007 | 0.003 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.003 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.007 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".