Understanding the Course of Peer Victimization and Internalizing Problems among Adolescents: Building Strength through Parent, Friend, and Dating Partner Emotional Support
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This longitudinal study investigated the course and changes in the time-varying covariation between peer victimization and internalizing problems among adolescents who were transitioning into young adulthood, and proposed that initial levels of emotional support from fathers, mothers, and friends diminished the relation between peer victimization and internalizing problems over a four-year period. Sex and developmental transition group differences (for mid-adolescent transition group aged 12-15 years and late adolescent transition group aged 16-19 years) were explored. Participants included 639 adolescents aged 12 to 19 years at baseline testing. Physical and relational victimization, emotional support, and internalizing problems were assessed from adolescent‟s self-reports. Overall, findings revealed that on average internalizing problems increased over time, but also differed by developmental transition group. For the mid-adolescent transition group, increases in physical and relational victimization were significantly associated with increases in internalizing problems. For the late adolescent group, increases in relational victimization (and not in physical victimization) were significantly associated with increases in internalizing problems. Emotional support from fathers, mothers, and friends significantly impacted the time-varying covariation between peer victimization and internalizing problems, and findings differed by sex and transition group. For the mid-adolescent transition group, high levels of mother and father emotional support were associated with decreases in the association between peer victimization and internalizing problems for girls. High levels of friend emotional support were protective for boys, but were associated with increases in the association between peer victimization and internalizing problems for girls. For the late adolescent transition group, high levels of mother emotional support remained protective for girls, but high levels of father and friend emotional support were associated with increases in the association between relational victimization and internalizing problems. High levels of friend emotional support remained protective for boys.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".