Xylem functionality, phytohormones and weather: how they affect bitter pit incidence in apples
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Bitter pit is a physiological disorder related to a localized fruit calcium deficiency.Economic losses associated to bitter pit are important as they involve unnecessary labour and storage costs in addition to the actual loss of fruits.The study focuses on building an incidence risk model for bitter pit on Honeycrisp apples as well as on evaluating the progress of xylem functionality of four apple cultivars (Cortland, Empire, Honeycrisp and Passionata) with different susceptibility to bitter pit.It also briefly investigates on endogenous levels of auxins and gibberellic acids of the same four cultivars.Results show that certain weather factors can explain 87.7% of bitter pit incidence level at 60 days after full bloom and at 89.9% at 90 days after full bloom.Recurring parameters in models at 30, 60 and 90 days after full bloom include precipitation frequency, hourly air temperature and hourly relative humidity for given periods.Predictions 30 days after full bloom and at harvest are not as accurate with R 2 values of 0.652 and 0.865 respectively.The direct relationship between xylem rapid loss of functionality and BPI for most sensitive cultivars, as described in the literature, could not be confirmed with this study.While results showed no difference in rates of xylem loss of functionality between cultivars, differences shown between xylem functionality averages by date go against established theories since the least sensitive cultivar, Empire, shows the lowest functionality average by date.On the other hand, results for all other cultivars, Cortland, Honeycrisp and Passionata, confirm results in the literature with most sensitive cultivars showing least xylem functionality.Xylem functionality was also compared between fruits grown in single (one fruit per cluster) and fruits grown in doubles (two fruits per cluster).No significant difference was observed between the two treatments.Endogenous content of phytohormones of interest, auxins and gibberellins, were analyzed to compare ratios between cultivars however, gibberellin levels were often either undetectable or unquantifiable.The resulting number of ratios was too low to run a statistical comparison between cultivars with different bitter pit susceptibilities.Finally, BPI was evaluated for each cultivar with fruits picked at industry standards maturity.Results validated the assumption that bitter pit susceptibility levels for the four studied cultivars are increasing starting with Empire, followed by Cortland, Honeycrisp and Passionata.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".