Anthropometric measures during infancy and childhood and the risk of developing cardiovascular disease or diabetes mellitus type 2 in later life: A systematic review
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Background: Concurrently, obesity and other related chronic diseases, in particular cardiovascular diseases (CVD) and diabetes mellitus (type-2: noninsulin-dependent), are increasing in most of the developing countries and in countries undergoing economic transition. The prevalence of these diseases has increased in the last two decades and researchers are involved in identifying the risk factors. Various birth cohorts have been established to identify the relevant risk factors of these diseases. This systematic review is one of the steps in achieving the conclusion of identifying risk factors for developing cardiovascular disease or diabetes mellitus type 2 in later life. Objectives: The objective of this series of systematic reviews was to assess the associations between anthropometric measurements during infancy and childhood, and the risk of developing cardiovascular disease or diabetes mellitus type II in later life. Search strategy: Two independent literature searches with predetermined search strategy were conducted at ICMR Advanced Centre for Evidence based child health, PGIMER, Chandigarh, India; comprising PubMed, Embase, Ovid Sp and manual searching of references from the relevant articles thus obtained. Selection Criteria: We selected published cohort or longitudinal studies evaluating the associations between infancy & childhood anthropometric measures and the risk of developing cardiovascular disease or diabetes mellitus type II in later life. The studies where the outcomes were restricted to associations between anthropometric measurements at birth and adulthood were not included in the systematic review. Data extraction and analysis: Five reviewers extracted the data independently and the discrepancies were resolved by consensus rating. Two reviewers independently evaluated the study quality using Newcastle-Ottawa scale and disagreements were resolved by discussion with the arbiter. Meta-analysis where-ever possible was done using Random effects inverse variance model using Stata MP 12 developed by Stata Corp Ltd. The data which were not meta-analyzed were described as narrative synthesis.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.007 | 0.035 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.008 | 0.007 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.009 | 0.011 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.004 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".