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Record W7045689084

CFC-11 amount in polyurethane foam in end-of-life refrigerators

2012· other· tr· W7045689084 on OpenAlexaboutno aff

Bibliographic record

VenueMarmara University Open Access System · 2012
Typeother
Languagetr
FieldEngineering
TopicRefrigeration and Air Conditioning Technologies
Canadian institutionsnot available
Fundersnot available
KeywordsPolyurethaneContext (archaeology)SeasonalityAir temperature
DOInot available

Abstract

fetched live from OpenAlex

ÖMRÜNÜ TAMAMLAMIŞ BUZDOLAPLARINDA BULUNAN POLİÜRETAN KÖPÜKTEKİ CFC-11 MİKTARI\nBuzdolapları yaygın olarak kullanılan beyaz eşyalar arasındadır. Önemli unsurların başında gelen yalıtım; poliol, izosiyanat ve kabartıcının karışımından oluşan poliüretan köpük ile gerçekleştirilir. Kabartıcı, ısı transferini engeller ve enerji tüketimini azaltır. CFC-11, ozon tüketme potansiyeli belirlene kadar kabartıcı olarak kullanılmıştır. Sonrasında ise kullanımı Montreal Protokolü ile kısıtlanmıştır. Günümüzde, CFC-11 ve CFC-11 içeren maddeler “Ozon Tabakasını İncelten Maddeler” ve “Atık Yönetimi Genel Esaslarına İlişkin Yönetmelik” ile düzenlenmektedir. Buna ek olarak, “Atık Elektrikli ve Elektronik Ekipmanların Kontrolü Yönetmeliği” de taslak halinde olup, yakında yürürlüğe girecektir. Fakat buzdolaplarındaki PU köpük içindeki CFC-11 miktarı bilinmemektedir. Bu nedenle, bu çalışma 1996 öncesi üretilmiş ve halen kullanımda olan buzdolaplarındaki CFC-11 miktarını ve buna ilişkin ozon tüketme potansiyelini tespit etmek için gerçekleştirilmiştir. CFC-11 içeren buzdolabı miktarını tespit etmek için 1986-1995 arası üretilmiş buzdolabı iç satış verileri incelenmiş, basit bir model yardımıyla, 2,24 milyon buzdolabının halen kullanımda olduğu belirlenmiştir. Bir buzdolabında 4 kg yalıtım köpüğü bulunduğu göz önüne alınarak, CFC-11 içeren toplam PU köpük miktarı 8944 ton olarak hesaplanmıştır. 1996 öncesi üretilmiş, halen kullanımda olan buzdolaplarındaki PU köpük içindeki CFC-11 miktarını belirlemek için, ömrünü tamamlamış bir buzdolabından köpük numuneleri alınmış ve bu numunelerin CFC-11 içeriği ölçülmüştür. Köpük numuneleri ağzı kapalı bir şişede, 140oC sıcaklıkta 48 saat bekletilerek CFC-11 açığa çıkartılmış ve GC-MS ile analiz edilmiştir. Sonuç olarak, Türkiye’de, 1996 öncesi üretilmiş ve halen kullanımda olan buzdolabı miktarı 2,24 milyon olarak kabul edildiğinde, buzdolaplarında, yalıtım köpüğünde bulunan toplam CFC-11 miktarının 1011-1078 ton olması beklenmektedir. \n\nABSTRACT\nCFC-11 AMOUNT IN POLYURETHANE FOAM IN END-OF-LIFE REFRIGERATORS\nRefrigerators are among the most widely used household appliances. Insulation is of key importance which is accomplished by polyurethane (PU) foams consisting of a mixture of polyols, isocyanates and blowing agents. Blowing agent limits heat transfer and reduces energy consumption. CFC-11 (trichlorofluoromethane) had been used as blowing agent until its ozone depleting potential was discovered. Its use was then restricted with the Montreal Protocol. Today, CFC-11 and CFC-11 containing substances are regulated under “Directive on Ozone Depleting Substances” and “Regulation for General Principles of Waste Management” in Turkey. In addition, “Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment Control Regulation” has been prepared and shall enter into force soon. However, the total amount of CFC-11 in PU insulation foam of refrigerators is not certainly known in Turkey. Therefore, this study was conducted to ascertain the amount of CFC-11 in pre-1996 refrigerators in-use and the related ozone depleting potential. Total number of refrigerators containing CFC-11 was determined from domestic sales data for years between 1986 and 1995, and using a survival function, it was obtained that 2.24 million of these refrigerators are still in use. Assuming 4 kg of insulation foam per refrigerator, the total amount of PU foam blown with CFC-11 was calculated as 8944 tons. In order to estimate the amount of CFC-11 in PU foam of pre-1996 refrigerators in-use, foam samples were taken from an obsolete refrigerator and their CFC-11 content was measured. CFC-11 was released by heating the foam samples to 140oC for 48 hours in a closed bottle and analyzed in the headspace using a GC-MS. As a result, by assuming that 2.24-million pre-1996 refrigerators are still in-use, the total amount of CFC-11 in insulation foam of refrigerators in Turkey was estimated to be 1011-1078 tons.

Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.

How this classification was reachedexpand

Full frame distilled prediction

Teacher imitation

Not calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.

metaresearch head score (Codex)0.001
metaresearch head score (Gemma)0.000
Version: codex-gemma-dda1882f352aValidation status: machine_predicted_unvalidated
Candidate categoriesMeta-epidemiology (narrow), Insufficient payload (model declined to judge)
Consensus categoriesnone
DomainCandidate signal: none · Consensus signal: none
Study designCandidate signal: Not applicable · Consensus signal: none
GenreCandidate signal: Empirical · Consensus signal: none
Teacher disagreement score0.792
Threshold uncertainty score1.000

Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category

CategoryCodexGemma
Metaresearch0.0010.000
Meta-epidemiology (narrow)0.0010.001
Meta-epidemiology (broad)0.0010.000
Bibliometrics0.0020.002
Science and technology studies0.0000.000
Scholarly communication0.0010.002
Open science0.0040.002
Research integrity0.0010.001
Insufficient payload (model declined to judge)0.0020.000

Machine scores (provisional)

The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.

Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.

Opus teacher head0.034
GPT teacher head0.280
Teacher spread0.246 · how far apart the two teachers sit on this one work
Validation statusscore_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it

Classification

machine, unvalidated

Machine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.

Study designNot applicable
Domainnot available
GenreEmpirical

How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".

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Citations0
Published2012
Admission routes1
Has abstractyes

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