Bibliographic record
Abstract
Decades of Apologies (Gabriella T. Espák)Abstract:Through an extended period culminating in the 1990s when race relations reached the stage of proactive political rhetoric, government representatives in the US, Canada and Australia have been asking discriminated peoples for forgiveness, both with the purpose of reconciling the past and renewing race relations. This phenomenon is highlighted through the Australian Referendum of 1999, particularly the indigenous element in its second proposal: a new, value-based, preamble to the Constitution. In an apologetic era, the proposed Preamble may well be considered too modest, moderate and conservative. The article argues that what has been proposed and achieved by the 1999 Referendum has not proved enough for those who demand a treaty with Indigenous Australia, financial compensation, and a formally renewed state (a 'republic reconciled') with a new preamble to describe its values and a new national mindset. Such a rephrased preamble s/would then be a full-grown product of consultations and the decade(s) of apologies, with the goal to reach a better-run, more ethical state. Keywords: Australian Referendum 1999, race relations, Indigenous people, apology, constitutional preamble, political rhetoricAbsztrakt (Decades of Apologies [Bocsánatkérések kora])Az USA-ban, Kanadában és Ausztráliában egyaránt megfigyelhető egy bocsánatkérési hullám tetőzése az 1990-es években: proaktív politikai retorikai eszközt alkalmazva vezető politikusok sorozatban kérnek bocsánatot a faji diszkrimináció múltbéli gyakorlása miatt, a jövőbeli békés egymás mellett élés érdekében. A tanulmány az 1999-es ausztráliai népszavazást vizsgálja, közelebbről annak az őslakókat is érintő második kérdését, amely új, értékalapú alkotmányos preambulumot terjesztett elő. A bocsánatkérések korszakában ez a preambulum-tervezet túlságosan konzervatívnak bizonyult, a többség nem támogatta. Nem elégítette ki a népességnek azt a számottevő hányadát, amely szerint békeszerződést kell kötni az őslakókkal, nem kerülhető meg a pénzbeni kompenzáció, és formálisan (köztársaságként) is meg kell újítani az államot. Várható, hogy hosszas konzultációk után és a bocsánatkérések eredményeképpen már egy radikálisan megújított, hatékony, etikus államot képviselő preambulum születik majd
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.008 | 0.026 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.006 | 0.014 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.007 | 0.007 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.005 |
| Research integrity | 0.005 | 0.010 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.008 | 0.002 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".